Tapert, Susan F.; Schweinsburg, Alecia D.; Barlett, Valerie C.; Brown, Sandra A.; Frank, Lawrence R.; Brown, Gregory G.; Meloy, M. J., "Blood oxygen level dependent response and spatial working memory in adolescents with alcohol use disorders", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (1): 1577-86. The degree of abnormality was greater for teens who reported experiencing more withdrawal or hangover symptoms and who consumed more alcohol. Adolescents with AUD (alcohol use disorders) show abnormalities in brain response to a spatial working memory task, despite adequate performance, suggesting that subtle neuronal reorganization may occur early in the course of AUD.

Tarantino, J. A.; "Defense attorney's checklist for cross examination of expert witnesses," DWI JOURNAL, :3-9.

Teplin, L. A.; Lutz, G. W.; "Measuring alcohol intoxication: the development reliability and validity of an observational instrument," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 46 (6): 459-466. (Survey of 11 criteria were selected from the Alcohol Symptoms Checklist: smell of alcohol, fine motor control, gross motor control, slurred speech, changed speech volume, decreases alertness, respiration slow, sleepiness, space of speech, and red eye. These criteria along with proper training will enable researchers, clinicians, and law enforcement officials to accurately assess specific behaviors and characteristics indicative of intoxication. Validation of the alcohol screening checklist ASC and its reliability and potential use by law enforcement.)

Thompsen, H.; Kaatsch, H.; Asmus, R.; "Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain during alcohol absorption and elimination--a study of the 'rising tide phenomenon'", BLUTALKOHOL (1994), 31: 178-185. (The absorption phase of alcohol is typically accompanied by more marked behavioral effects than the elimination phase. The mechanism behind this so-called "rising tide phenomenon" has still not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that he rising tide of alcohol during the absorption phase increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus elevating the free water content with consequent edema. The resulting increase in intracranial pressure, combined with alcohol's direct toxic effects, results in a synergetic reinforcement of the symptoms of intoxication. To test this hypothesis we performed proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the human brain during the alcohol absorption and elimination phase. Our results indicate that the alcohol-induced transient opening of the BBB is a possible factor behind the rising tide phenomenon.)

Thomasson, H., "Alcohol elimination: faster in women?" ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2000), 24 (4): 419-240. 11.(References) (The author describes his study examining gender differences in ethanol elimination rates in 45 male and 45 female subjects with identical ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes and with control of as many relevant environmental factors as possible. The ethanol elimination rate was significantly higher in women than in men, but how this related to women's greater vulnerability to ethanol toxicity is a mystery.)This is one of a series of short papers that were presented at a workshop on issues relevant to the absorption, distribution, and elimination of alcohol in non-alcoholics. The meeting was convened by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. This article is not peer reviewed.

**Thompson, Robert Q.; "The Thermodynamics of drunk driving", JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION (1997), May, (ProQuest). Describes the relationship between breath and blood alcohol concentrations. Legal implications of drunk driving; Water-air-ethanol system; Derivation of the partition ratio; Effect of temperature; Blood-breath-ethanol system; Physiological variables.

Thurman, R. G.; Cheren, I.; Forman, D.; Ewing, J. A.; Glassman, E.; "Swift increase in blood metabolism in humans," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1989), 13 (4): 572-576. (Breath and rates of eliminations on 115 males.)

Tiihonen, J.; Kuikka, J.; Hakola, P; Paanila, J.; Airaksinen, j.; Eronen, M.; Hallikainen, T.; "Acute ethanol-induced changes in cerebral blood flow," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY (1994), 15 (10): 1505-1508. (Results indicate that euphoria occurring during acute ethanol intake is associated with activation of the right prefrontal cortex and mediated through the endogenous opoid system with increased cerebral blood flow CBF.)

Ting-Kai Li; "The Absorption, distribution, and metabolism of ethanol and its effects on nutrition and hepatic function," In: Tabakof, B.; Sutker, P. B.; Randall, C. L. (eds.) , Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse, New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1983, 403p. (47-77). (Widmark and Michaelis-Menten models are discussed with a variations among different groups.)

Toro, K.; Hubay, M.; Sotonyi, P.; Keller, E., "Fatal traffic injuries among pedestrians, bicyclists and motor vehicle occupants", FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (2005), 151 (2-3): 151-156. Durkins et al. reported that peak incidence of pedestrian and bicyclist injuries occurred during the summer months and afternoon hours; whereas motor vehicle occupant injuries showed little seasonal variation and they were more common during evening and nighttime hours. Motor vehicle crashes are the greatest cause of potential years of life lost among the economically active male population. Ostrom and Ericcson suggested that the public should be enlightened of the fact that drinking is a risk for traffic accidents not only among users of motor vehicles, but also among pedestrians. The mortality rate emphasizes the necessity of prevention strategies that may include proper supervision and risk reduction with respect to use of alcohol or drugs.

Townsend, Julia M., Duka, Theodora, "Binge drinking, cognitive performance and mood in a population of young social drinkers", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (3):317-325. Binge drinking by young people is on the rise in several countries. Previous research suggests that binge drinking may have implications for the development of alcohol dependence. New findings demonstrate that binge drinking itself has negative behavioral consequences, affecting mood and cognitive performance.

Truong, K. D.; Stir,. R.; "Alcohol environments and disparities in exposure associated with adolescent drinking in California", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (Feb., 2009) 99 (2):264-70. The authors investigated sociodemographic disparities in alcohol environments and their relationship with adolescent drinking. Methods: They geocoded and mapped alcohol license data with ArcMap to construct circular buffers centered at 14,595 households with children that participated in the California Health Interview Survey. They calculated commercial sources of alcohol in each buffer. Multivariate logistic regression differentiated the effects of alcohol sales on adolescents' drinking from their individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics. Results: Alcohol availability, measured by mean and median numbers of licenses, was significantly higher around residences of minority and lower-income families. Binge drinking and driving after drinking among adolescents ages 12 to 17 years was significantly associated with the presence of alcohol retailers within 0.5 miles of home. Simulation of changes in the alcohol environment showed that if alcohol sales were reduced from the mean number of alcohol outlets around the lowest-income quartile of households to that of the highest quartile, prevalence of binge drinking would fall from 6.4% to 5.6% and driving after drinking from 7.9% to 5.9%. Conclusions: Alcohol outlets are concentrated in disadvantage neighborhoods and can contribute to adolescent drinking. To reduce underage drinking, environmental interventions need to curb opportunities for you to obtain alcohol from commercial sources by tightening licensure, enforcing minimum-age drinking laws, or other measures.

Truong, Khoa D.; Sturm, Roland; "Alcohol outlets and problem drinking among adults in California", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS (2007), 68: 923-933. A new California study found that bars and nightclubs, not package stores, are linked to heavy drinking in adults who live in the neighborhood. This is especially true when the clubs are adult-only and do not allow minors. Researchers found that "minor-restricted establishments" had the most consistent and sizable effect on the level of adult alcohol abuse in the area.

"If the number of minor-restricted establishments increases, on average, from zero to two in a neighborhood, the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the past 30 days would increase from 11.1 percent to 14.3 percent among women and from 19.6 percent to 22.0 percent among men; and prevalence of riding with a driver who perhaps had too much to drink would increase from 2.9 percent to 4.1 percent among women and 4.0 percent to 5.5 percent among men," said author Khoa Truong, PhD.

Truong said the research brings into question the effectiveness of laws that limit total retail alcohol licenses based on general population numbers, when it might be better to limit certain types of licenses instead. "What's usually happening is that alcohol outlets are regulated at broader environments. It turns out that the action happens within a micro environment," said Truong.

Tuovinen, "Uber den Alkoholgehalt des Blutes unter verischied din gungen," SKANDINAVICA ARCHIEVES Fur PHYSIOLOGIE (1930), 60:1-134. (Written in German.)

Tupler, L. A.; Hege, S.; Ellinwood, E. H.; "Alcohol pharmacodynamics in young-elderly adults contrasted with young and middle-aged subjects," PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1995), 118 (4): 460-70. (8 subjects in 3 age groups, BAC, both young and elderly individuals pose approximately equal risk of driving impairment, at least as measured by these tasks. Young subjects under the highest level of intoxication actually exhibited performance superior to that of elderly subjects under the base line conditions. Small samples.)

Turner, T. B.; "Human-related risk factors, with special reference to the driver and alcohol use: panel discussion," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 10, July, 40-45. (Borkenstein, H. Simpson, etc.)

Turrisi, R.; Jaccard, J.; "Judgment processes relevant to drunk driving," JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (1991), 21 (2): 89-118. (Results indicated the presence of several misperceptions and inappropriate response tendencies that potentially can be modified with educational efforts. These results are discussed in terms of the differential impact of previous arrests for DWI on different DWI-related judgments.)  

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updated 07/20/10