Saks, M. J.; "Accuracy v. advocacy: expert testimony before the bench," TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (1987), 90 (6); 42-9. (Instead of asking an expert witness to show that many people find the knowledge valid, the expert simply presents his or her case regarding the evidence.)

Saks, M. J.; "Prevalence and impact of ethical problems in forensic science," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1989), 34 (3): 772-793.

Salize, Hans Joachim; Mohler-Kuo, Meichun; Godfrey, Christine; Holder, Harold D.; "Health economics of addiction", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29(7): 1288-1291. Proceedings from a symposium health at the meeting of the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism (ISBRA) in Mannheim, Germany, October, 2004. The symposium covered crucial aspects in the field of health economics research on alcoholism, for example, results of cost of treatment studies, evolution of health economic research in the past, methodological problems of cost-effectiveness studies, and the effects of tax or price policies for alcohol consumption and the increase of alcohol-related problems. Studies from the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Germany were presented underling that even in these highly industrial countries, health economic research is far from providing the essential evidence needed for adequate service planning or effective cost containment strategies int he field of alcoholism or addiction in general.

Samber, Sharon; "BAC: understanding how drinking affects you" September 4, 1997, NCADI.

Santamaria, J. N., Ethanol ingestion studies, Department of Community Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia Department of Transport, Office of Road Safety, 1979.

Sargent, James D.; Wills, Thomas A.; Stoolmiller, Mike; Gibson, Jennifer; Gibbons, Frederick S.; "Alcohol use in motion pictures and its relation with early-onset teen drinking", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006) 67: 54-65. The sample included 601 movies, or 92% depicted alcohol use. Alcohol was sued in 52 percent of g-rated films, 89 percent for PG, 93 percent for PG-13, and 95 percent for R rated films. There were 4,655 students ages 10-14 years old recruited from New Hampshire and Vermont schools. This study provides the first evidence for an association between exposure to movie alcohol use and early-onset teen drinking. The association is moderate in effect size and independent of a number of potential confounders. Because exposure to movie alcohol use is common, it may have important as a potentially modifiable risk factor.

Sarkar, Sheila, "Cost and life saving estimates on volunteer based safe rides program for intoxicated drivers, January to March, 2002", California Institute of Transportation Safety, 2002. This study shows the Designated Driver Association of San Diego and Sacramento program to have saved $130,698,837 in life savings and deterred 534 intoxicated drivers from getting behind the wheel. Findings include: of the 517 participants, 40% were females who consumed an average of 6.5 drinks in 4.5 hours; 60% males who consumed 8.6 drinks in 5 hours; over 60% of the drivers were aged 25 or younger; males consumed more drinks and spent more time drinking than females; females had higher BAC levels (0.139%) than males (.128%) when both locations are combined and when looking at San Diego alone (males=0.134% and females = 0.152%); and over 30% of the participants were students.

Schneider, U.; Dietrich, D. E.; Sternemann, U.; Seeland, I.; Gielsdorf, D.; Huber, T. J.; Becker, H. Emrich, H. M.; " Reduced binocular depth inversion in patients with alcoholism," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1998), 33 (2): 168-172. (50 subjects. The binocular depth inversion scores were highly elevated in the severely intoxicated patients group and in the group with moderate withdrawal symptoms without carbamazepine treatment, in comparison to the healthy volunteers. The data demonstrate a strong impairment of binocular depth inversion in moderate alcohol withdrawal an during severe alcohol intoxication. This supports the view that these states may be accompanied by a disorganization of the interaction between sensory input and topdown component.)

*Schneider, U.; Leweke, F. M.; Sternemann, U.; Weber, M. M.; Emrich, H. M.; "Visual 3D illusion: a systems-theoretical approach to psychosis," EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE (1996), 246: 256-260. (74 male and female subjects, alcoholics, schizophrenics, and sleep deprived hospital staff, and normal volunteers.)

Schwar, T. G.; Olivier, J. A.; Loubser, J. E.; The Forensic ABC in medical practice: a practical guide, Kagiso, Tertiary, c1988.

Sdao-Jarvie, K.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Learning alcohol tolerance by mental or physical practice," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1992), 53: 533-540. (breath alcohol and learning.)

Sereno, K. K.; "Source credibility," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1983), 28 (3): 537-536.

Sedman, A. J.; Wilkinson, P. K.; Sakmar, E.; Weidler, D. J.; Wagner, J. G.; "Food effects on absorption and metabolism of alcohol," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1976), 37 (9); 1197-1214.

**Shajani, N. K., Godolphin, W.; Image, B. A.; "Blood alcohol analysis: comparison of whole blood analysis by gas chromatography with serum analysis by enzymatic method," CANADIAN FORENSIC SCIENCES JOURNAL (1989), 22 (1): 317-329. [Venous blood samples were drawn from 14 drinking subjects and analyzed by gas chromatographic procedure and compared with serum samples analyzed by DuPont ACA III Discrete Clinical Analyzer. The Conversion factor for serum to whole blood for alcohol was found to be 1.14 (range 1.12-1.18, s.d. 0.015.)]

**Shajani, N. K.; Dinn, H. M.; "Blood alcohol concentrations reached in human subjects after consumption of alcoholic beverages in a social situation," CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCES JOURNAL (1985), 18 (1): 38-48. (Tries to replicate Dubowski's ALCOHOL TECHNICAL REPORTS study and fails to do so, their conclusions are that one can do back calculation or retrograde extrapolation.)

Sher, K. J.; "Subjective effects of alcohol: the influence of setting individual differences in alcohol expectations," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 46: 137-46. (breath alcohol and 98 male social drinkers. Subjects given a placebo experiences what it known as a "contact high" It is interesting to note that the two variables that show this effect most markedly WG (warmth glow) and DP (dynamic peripheral ) are related to peripheral vascular changes, physiological changes that are likely to be directly visible to others in the form of facial flushing. The present research suggests that in a group drinking context, subjects are more likely to infer in themselves changes that they see in others. Alcohol effects are influenced by individual expectancies, by settings and by their interactions. Furthermore, these effects appear to vary as a function of the type of alcohol effects under consideration and of the limb of the BAL curve.)

Shimozono, Michele; Townsend John C.; Ilsen, Pauline F.; Bright, David C.; "Acute vision loss resulting from complications of ethanol abuse", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION (1998): 69 (5): 293-303. "Alcoholism affects about 10% of men and 3% to 5% of women in their lifetime. It is a primary chronic disease with genetic, prosocial, and environmental factors that influence its development. The genetic, psyhcosocial, and systemic effects of ethanol abuse--including anemia, cardiomyopathy, gastric/duodenal ulceration, pancreatitis, and neurologic deficits--are review. Appropriate treatment and management of ocular manifestations and complications from alcoholism are discussed. Prophylactic topical therapy may be indicated to restore the balance between intraocular tension and optic nerve head perfusion in an attempt to prevent further axonal loss. Conclusion: Alcohol-induced nutritional optic neuropathy should not be viewed as an isolated ocular entity, but rather as a potentially treatable neurologic p

Shope, Jean T., Bingham, C. Raymond; "Drinking-driving as a component of problem drinking and problem behavior in young adults", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2002) 63:24-33. Telephone survey data (measure of drinking driving, drug-driving, risky driving, problem drinking, drug use and delinquent behavior) collected from young adults (N=4230, 53% female) were used in structural equation modeling. Two models were developed--one for problem driving and one for problem behavior--each testing the structural associations among latent variables and testing them as latent indicators of common second-order variables. The results supported the hypothesis that drinking-driving (along with problem drinking, drug use and delinquent behavior) is an indicator of problem behavior in the general population sample. Also, drinking-driving, drug-driving and risky driving were demonstrated to be indicators of a common construct: problem driving. The model fits the data equally well for both young men and young women. The results have important implications for research and for interventions to treat or prevent drinking-driving, especially among young adults.

Shults, R. A.; Sleet, D. A.; Elder, R. W.; Ran, G. W.; and Sehgal, M.; "Association between state level drinking and driving countermeasures and self reported alcohol impaired driving," INJURY PREVENTION (2002), 8: 106-110. Address: 'In 1999, alcohol related motor vehicle crashes in the United States claimed 15,786 lives and injured more than 300,000 persons. Drinking and driving behavior is shaped by individual and environmental level influences. In this study, the association between each state's driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) countermeasures and self reported alcohol impaired driving was explored. In conclusion, these findings suggest stronger state level DUI countermeasures are associated with lower rates of self reported alcohol impaired driving."

Sietz, H. K.; Gartner, U.; Egerer, G.; Simanowski, U. A.; "Ethanol metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and its possible consequences," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1994), Suppl 2, 157-62.

Simons, Daniel J.; Chabris, Christopher F.; "Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events:, PERCEPTION (1999), 28: 1059-1074. With each eye fixation, we experience a richly detailed visual world. Yet recent work on visual integration and change direction reveals that we are surprisingly unaware of the details of our environment from one view to the next: we often do not detect large changes to objects and scenes ("change blindness"). Further more, with out attention, we may not even perceive objects ('inattentional blindness'). Taken together, these finding suggest that we perceive and remember only those objects and details that receive focused attention. In this paper, we briefly review and discuss evidence for these conjective forms of 'blindness". We then present a new study that builds on classic students of divided visual attention examine inattentional blindness for complex objects and event in dynamic scenes. Our results suggest that the likelihood of noticing

Simpson, H. M., "Human-related risk factors in traffic crashes: research needs and opportunities," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 10 (July): 32-39.

Shores, R. E., Voas, R. B.; et al.; "MADD rates the states: a media advocacy event to advance the agenda against alcohol-impaired driving." PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS (1995), 110 (3): 240-6.

Slap, A. J.; Fessenden, M.; "Are forensic experts an endangered species?", JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES ( 1991), 36 ( 3): 714-721. (Judges and juries sometimes can be misled by the expert for hire. The lure of high fees serving as an expert witness in some cases has, however, created professional witnesses whose scientific views are often far outside the mainstream.)

Slater, Michael D.; Long, Marilee; Ford, Valerie L.; "Alcohol, illegal drugs, violent crime, and traffic-related and other unintended injuries in U.S. local and national news" JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS (2006) 67 (6); 904-910. " Objective: The present study seeks to establish the extent to which media coverage acknowledges alcohol's contribution to violent crime as well as to motor vehicle injuries and other injury incidents. Method: The study content-analyzes a unique sample, closely approximating national representativeness, of local and national television news, local newspapers, and national magazines randomly sampled during a 2-year period. Results: Alcohol's role in violent crime and, to a lesser extent, in motor vehicle and other injury incidents is underreported relative to available estimates regarding alcohol-attributable fractions. Relative frequency of various news frames for coverage of alcohol and illegal drugs and differences in coverage of alcohol and illegal drugs as a function of the type of story and news medium are described. Conclusions: The underreporting in the United States of alcohol's contribution to serious and fatal injury from these causes may reduce public perceptions of alcohol-related risks, potentially influencing behavior, including public support of alcohol-control policies. This provides an opportunity for media-advocacy approaches to improve public health content of news coverage."

Slutske, Wendy S.; Piasecki, Thomas M.; Hunt-Carter, Erin E.; "Development and initial validation of the Hangover Symptoms Scale: prevalence and correlates of hangover symptoms in college students", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2003), 27 (9): 1442-1450. 1230 currently drinking college students (62% women, 91% Caucasian) were administered a self-report inventory in which they reported the frequency of occurrence of 13 different hangover symptoms during the past 12 months. Participants also reported their history of alcohol involvement, alcohol-related problems, and family history of alcohol-related problems. On average the participants experienced 5 out of 13 different hangover symptoms in the past year; the three most common symptoms on the HSS were feeling extremely thirsty/dehydrated, feeling more tired than usual, and headache. Higher scores on the HSS were positively associated with the frequency of drinking and getting drunk and the typical quantity of alcohol consumed when drinking, a personal history of alcohol-related problems, and a family history of alcohol-related problems. After controlling for sex differences in alcohol involvement, women had higher scores on the HSS than men. Students had been hungover between three and eleven times. Students who had reported having alcohol-related problems or who had one or both biological parents with a history of alcohol-related problems had more hangovers.

Smart, R. G.; "Behavioral and social consequences related to the consumption of different beverage types," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1996), 57: 77-84. (Review of the literature. Those who drink beer or beer and spirits have more alcohol-related problems than others and beer drinkers are more likely to drink and drive, to be arrested for drinking-driving and to be in alcohol-related accidents.)

Smiley, D.; "Assessment of drug effects on driving performance using on-the-road studies," O'Hanlon, J. F: de Gier, J. J., eds. In: Drugs and Driving, London, Taylor and Francis, 1986, p. 51-64. (Dated materials, does not identify BAC or breath alcohol and cites Sugarman and Cozad known breath alcohol on the road test done in 1973.)

*Smith, A. P.; Jones, D. M.; Handbook of Human Performance, New York, NY, Academic Press, c1992.

Smith, G. D.; Shaw, L. J.; Maini, P. K.; Ward, R. J.; Peters, T. J.; Murray, J. D.; "Mathematical modeling of ethanol metabolism in normal subjects and chronic alcohol misusers," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1993), 28 (1): 25-32. (40 subjects, BAC.)

Snortum, J.; Berger, D.; "Drinking-driving compliance in the United States: perceptions and behavior in 1983 and 1986," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1989), 50: 306-19. (Investigations of drinking and driving explored American attitudes, beliefs, legal knowledge and self-reported violations through national surveys in 1983 (1,000) and 1986 (1,800 drivers). The findings from the 1983 were replicated and there were modest gains in compliance rates over time.)

"Sobering news," CURRENT EVENTS (11/17/2000), 100 (11): 1-3. Results of three scientific studies conducted in the United Stats link heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages by teenagers to memory loss. Estimated number of U. S. teens that abuse alcohol; Use of magnetic resonance imaging to compare the sizes of various brain regions; Differences in the hippocampus of drinkers and nondrinkers--smaller hippocampi of drinkers is reported.

Salloum, Jasmin B. ; Ramchandani, Vijay A.; Bodurka, Jerzy; Rawlings, Robert; Momenan, Reza; George,David; Hommer, Daniel W.; "Blunted rostral anterior cingulate response during a simplified decoding task of negative emotional facial expressions in alcoholic patients". ALCOHOLISM CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2007), 31 (9):1490&endash;1504. Researchers studied 11 alcoholics and 11 healthy males using fMRI brain imaging to track their brain-blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses while they were given facial-emotional decoding tasks. The subjects were asked to determine the intensity of happy, sad, anger, disgust and fear displayed via facial expressions. The results showed that alcoholics were most deficient at recognizing negative emotional expressions. These deficits showed up on the fMRI images in the affective division of the anterior cingulate cortex--part of the prefrontal brain areas.

"The cingulate is involved in many higher order executive functions such as focused attention, conflict resolution and decision making<" said Jasmin B. Salloum. "Alcoholic patients are known to be sensation seekers and are less likely to shy away from signals that suggest danger." Additionally, "Both sensation seeking and avoidance of danger are characteristics of subjects with axes II personality disorders, which may of our subjects had," Salloum said. "The findings in this study may shed some light on some of the problematic and psychopathological behaviors that are manifest in this patient group. It remains to be determined if the dysfunction of the anterior cingulate precedes alcoholism or is a result of long term drinking."

"Now we can begin to understand why patients have problems avoiding dangerous situations and, particularly, why they may not react to the concerns of their friends and relatives: the brain area that should help them appreciate these concerns is functioning at a reduced level," said Heinz

"Furthermore, we observed a normal or even increased brain response to happy faces. Our group recently made a similar observation, in that patients with strong brain responses to pleasant pictures have a reduced relapse risk," Heinz said. "So, relatives and friends may want to support alcoholic patients with positive messages that strengthen their self-esteem while being particularly careful, and even repetitive, in pointing out the dangers of alcohol and alcohol-associated environments. Otherwise, the patients may miss the message."

Socie, E. M.; Wagner, S. A.; Hopkins, R. S.; " The Relative effectiveness of sanctions applied to first-time drunken driving offenders," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE (1994), 10 (2): 85-90.

Soderpalm, Anna H. V.; de Wit, Harriet; "Effects of stress and alcohol on subjective state in humans," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2002), 26 (6):818-826. (20 male subjects. The is increasing evidence that stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation interact with drugs of abuse and influence drug taking-behaviors. In this study we determined whether an acute social stressor alters subjective responses to ethanol in humans. Stress alone produces stimulant-like subjective effects. In the group who received ethanol, stress increased the sedative-like effects and decreased stimulant-like effects.)

Sonderstrom, C. A.; Birschbach, J. M. Dischlinger, P. C.; "Injured drivers and alcohol use: culpability, convictions, and pre- and post-crash driving history," THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA (1990), 30 (10): 1208-1214. (Driving histories of[ n=58] of injured impaired [BAC> 08 mg/dl] compared with unimpaired [n=92]. The data suggests that injury protects from legal prosecution and does not alter impaired driving practices.)

Spear, Norman E.; Molina, Juan C., "Fetal or infantile exposure to ethanol promotes ethanol ingestion in adolescence and adulthood: a theoretical review", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (6): 909-929. Ethanol has rewarding consequences for the fetus or young infant is supported by recent evidence with prenatal rats. Several studies have shown that such early exposure to ethanol may in some circumstances make the infant treat ethanol-realated events as averse, and yet enhanced intake of ethanol in adolescence is nevertheless a consequence. Alternative interpretations of this paradox are considered among the varied circumstances of early ethanol exposure that lead to increased affinity for ethanol.

Spector, N. H.; " Alcohol breath tests: gross errors in current methods of measuring alveolar gas concentrations," SCIENCE (1971), 172: 57-9. (BAC and breath alcohol levels were compared.)

Starmer, G. A.; "Effects of low to moderate does of ethanol on human driving-related performance," In: K. E. Crow, R. D. Batt (Eds.); Human metabolism of alcohol, volume I: Pharmacokinetics, medicolegal aspects and general interest; CRC Press (1989), 214p.

State of the science report on the effects of moderate drinking, December 13, 2003. The NIAAA was asked to assess the strength of the evidence related to health risks and potential benefits of moderate alcohol consumption, with particular focus on the areas of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, birth defects, obesity, breast feeding, and aging. Moderate drinking is defined as not more than one drink for females and two drinks per day for males.
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ModerateDrinking-03.htm

Steele, C. M.; Josephs, R. A.; "Alcohol myopia: its prized and dangerous effects," AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST (1990), 45 (8): 921-933. (This article explains how alcohol makes social responses more extreme, enhances important self-evaluations, and relieves anxiety and depression, effects that underlie both the social destructiveness of alcohol and the reinforcing effects that make it addictive. The theories are based on alcohol's impairment of perception and thought--the myopia it causes--rather than the ability of alcohol's pharmacology to directly cause specific reactions or on expectations associated with alcohol's use. Three conclusions are offered: alcohol makes social behaviors more extreme by blocking a form of response conflict; the same process can inflate self-evaluations; alcohol myopia, in compilations with distracting activity, can reliably reduce anxiety and depression in all drinkers by making it difficult to allocate attention to the thoughts that provoke these states.)

Steele, C. M.; Southwick, L.; "Alcohol and social behavior II: the helpful of drunkard," JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (1985), 48 (1): 35-46. (breath alcohol or BAC? 161 subjects. These studies provided an experimental demonstration of the role of inhibitory response conflict in mediating alcohol's social effects, and show that this process generalizes to pro social behavior. Additional evidence from both experiments helped to rule out alternative explanations concerning drinking expectancies, alcohol's ability ton enhance mood, and its ability to make the task more bearable.)

Steele, C. M.; Southwick, L.; "Alcohol and social behavior I: the psychology of drunken excess," JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (1985), 48 (1): 18-34. (An analysis of data. Each published test of alcohol's effect on a social or socially significant behavior was tested [validated against independent judges] as to whether it was under high or low inhibitory conflict. Over low-conflict tests, intoxicated subjects behaved only a tenth of a standard deviation more extremely than their sober control, whereas over high-conflict tests there were a full standard deviation more extreme. The effect of conflict increased with alcohol dosage, was shown not to be mediated by drinking expectancies, and generalized with few exceptions across the 34 studies and 12 social behaviors included in this analysis.)

Steele, C. M.: Southwick, L.; Pagano, R.; "Drinking your troubles away: the role of activity in mediating alcohol's reduction of psychological stress," JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (1986), 95 (2): 173-180. (The results are discussed in terms of their implication that alcohol's reduction of psychological stress stems largely from its impairment of cognitive processes that, in conjunction with distracting activity, blocks out stress-inducing thoughts.)

Steele, C. M.; Josephs, R. A.; "Drinking your troubles away II: an attention-allocation model of alcohol's effect on psychological stress," JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (1988), 97 (2): 196-205. (These results are discussed as (a) supporting the role of cognitive impairment and attention allocation in mediating alcohol's anxiety-reducing effects, (b) clarifying conditions under which alcohol can increase anxiety, and (c) demonstrating the importance of activity in mediating the variability of alcohol's tension-reducing effects.)

Stein, A. C.; Allen, R. W.; "The Effects of alcohol on driver decision making and risk taking," In: Noordzij, P. C.; Roszbach, R., eds.; Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety--T86, c1987, p. 177-181. (This paper reports on a study designed to investigate the effects of alcohol on driver decision making and risk taking. It has been a commonly held belief that alcohol makes drivers more willing to take risks and less cautious in their decision making. Anecdotal evidence points to drivers under the influence of alcohol running red lights, speeding, and generally driving in a reckless manner. Alcohol has been involved in 50% of the traffic fatalities in the U. S., alcohol increases the severity of injury in a crash, Levine and colleagues categories effects according to abilities or tasks behavioral factors required for task performance. They found sensory-perceptual tasks seemed to be the most impaired, found increased psychological refractory period delays, impaired short term memory, increased reaction time under uncertainty, and increased eye fixation time while driving. He also found divided attention tasks are impaired by alcohol at very low levels (0.17-0.8) promil w/v. 26 male subjects, BAC 0.1.)

Stewart, K. G., Voas, R. B., and Fell, J.; " The Nature of and reasons for the decline in drinking and driving in the United States: an update," T95 Paper http://www.raru.adelaide.edu.au/T95/paper/s18p6.html (Factors for the decline include: detection, deterrence and consequences; administrative license revocation--ALR; lower BAC limits; increasing the drinking age to 21; zero tolerance; and increased public awareness.)

But 21 is not a magic number, and the living room is not necessarily a safe place. Here is a larger story that needs to be told, loud and clear, in homes and schools and on commercials give as much prominence and paid for in the same way as those that talk about the dangers of smack or crack; the alcohol is a mind-altering, mood-altering drug, and that lots of people should never start to drink at all...all the world is a speak-easy."

Stowell, A. R.; Stowell, L. I.; "Estimation of blood alcohol concentration after social drinking," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1998), 43 (1): 14-21. (BACs measured about an hour after cessation of drinking were within or very close to the predicted range based on back extrapolation from the actual 3.5 hour BAC result. 24 males using Widmarks, TBW, and fed.)

Stuart, Gregory L.; Meehan, Jeffrey C.; Moore, Todd M.; Morean, Meghan; Hellmuth, Julianne; Follansbee, Katherine; "Examining a conceptual framework of intimate partner violence in men and women arrested for domestic violence", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67: 102-112. The results of this study provide evidence that alcohol problems in both partners are important in the evolution of psychological aggressions and physical violence. There were minimal differences between men and women in the relationships of most distal risk factors with physical aggression, suggesting that the conceptual framework examined may fit equally well regardless of perpetrator gender. This finding suggests that, in arrested men and women, violence intervention programs might have improved outcomes if they offered adjunct or integrated alcohol treatment.

**Sturtevant, R. P; Sturtevant, Frank M.; "Circadian variation in rates of ethanol metabolism"; In: K. E. Crow, R. D. Batt (Eds.); Human metabolism of alcohol, volume I: Pharmacokinetics, medicolegal aspects and general interest; CRC Press (1989), 214p. (23-39).

Sugarman, R. C.; Cozad, C. P.; Zavala, A.; "Alcohol-induced degradation of performance on simulated driving tasks," Society of Automotive Engineers, International Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, MI, January 8-12, 1973. (Breath alcohol study of simulated driving tasks found impairment. "The task most reliably degraded by intoxication was maintenance of lane position, followed by reaction to the red light and speed maintenance, in that order." The effects of alcohol are more during the intoxicating phase than the sobering-up phase.)

Sullivan, E. V.; Rosenbloom, M. J.; Deshmukh, A.; Desmond, J. E.; Pfefferbaum, A.; "Alcohol and the cerebellum: effects on balance, motor coordination, and cognition," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1995), 19 (2): 138-42. [Careful study of alcoholics reveals residual, subtle, persistent deficits in balance that may put them at increased risk of accidents, such as falling. These deficits may be related to alcohol-induced pathological changes in the cerebellum, one of the brain's main centers of postural control and motor coordination. Damage to the vermis can result in poor control of posture and upright position, ataxia (widespread stance and unsteady balance) and dysarthria (irregular and explosive cadence of speech.]

Sunshine, I.; Methodology for Analytical Toxicology, West Palm Beach, Florida, CRC Press, 1975, 152p. RA 1221 .M27 UNI (Chart on BAC and drinks by weight and effects charts.)

Sutherland, M. L.; Borkenstein, R. F.; "A Graphical analysis of blood-alcohol levels in two groups of drinking drivers," In: Alcohol, and Traffic Safety: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on alcohol and traffic safety, December 6-10, 1965, Bloomington, Indiana, 145-149. (Grand Rapids, Michigan breath alcohol study of 5,985 crashes, 13,575 subjects.)

Swartzwelder, Scott, "The Brain: 101", DRIVEN magazine, (Fall 1998). "The developing brain is different from the adult brain in its ability to change in response to experience. For example, the young brain appears to be "built to learn." This uniqueness of the adolescent brain creates great opportunities."

Swift, Robert; "Transdermal alcohol measurement for estimation of blood alcohol concentration." ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2000), 24 (4): 422-3. (Alcohol found on the skin as a measure of BAC. Experimental and needs more testing.)  

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