Nagoshi, C. T.; Wilson, J. R.; Rodriguez, L. A.; "Impulsivity, sensation seeking and behavioral and emotional responses to alcohol," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1991), 15 (4): 661-7. (342 pairs of twins, impulsivity was significantly correlated with high breath alcohol levels.)

Nagoshi, C. T.; Wilson, J. R.; "Long-term repeatability of human alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and acute tolerance," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1989), 50 (2): 162-169. (Twins 3 to 39 months later and breath alcohol.)

Nagoshi, C. T.; Wilson, J. R.; "One-month repeatability of emotional responses to alcohol," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1988), 12 (5): 691-697. (Study of twins in Colorado and repeatability of alcohol results 30 to 60 days later.

Naranjo, C. A.; Bremner, K. E.; "Behavioral correlates of alcohol intoxication," ADDICTION (1993, 88 (1): 25-35. (Adverse social consequences related to alcohol intoxication include impaired driving, acts of aggression and violence towards self and others, and various types of accidents. The observation that [positive BAC is inversely related to using a seat belt may be one factor increasing the risk of serious injury or fatality in a motor vehicle accident. alcohol is more frequently involved in fatal crashes and fatal pedestrian accidents at night than during the day, and on weekends rather than on weekdays. Alcohol impairs information-processing abilities crucial to driving at blood concentrations as low as 0.015%, Howat et al. recommended lowering the legal BAC limit to 0.05%.)

Nawrot, M,; Nordstrom, B.; Olson, A.; "Disruption of eye movements by ethanol intoxication affects perception of depth from motion parallax", PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2004), 15 (4): 858-65. "Motion parallax, the ability to recover depth from retinal motion generated by observer translation, is important for visual depth perception. Recent work indicates that the perception of depth from motion parallax relies on the slow eye movement system. It is well known that ethanol intoxication reduces the gain of this system, and this produces the horizontal gaze nystagmus that law enforcement's field sobriety test is intended to reveal. The current study demonstrates that because of its influence on the slow eye movement system, ethanol intoxication impairs the perception of depth from motion parallax. Thresholds in a motion parallax task were significantly increased by acute ethanol intoxication, whereas thresholds for an identical test relying on binocular disparity were unaffected. Perhaps a failure of motion parallax plays a role in alcohol-related driving accidents; because of the effects of alcohol on eye movements, intoxicated drivers may have inaccurate or inadequate information for judging the relative depth of obstacles from motion parallax."

Nau, P. A.; Van Houten, R.; Rolider, A.; Jonah, B. A.; "The Failure of feedback on alcohol impairment to reduce impaired driving," JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (1993), 26 (3): 361-7. (In a public drinking establishment, patrons received cards to guide them to pace their drinking to stay under the legal limit, individual feedback on BAC (breath alcohol tests given), and posted group feedback on the percentage of patrons driving while impaired the preceding week was introduced in two taverns. The addition of a brief intensive police enforcement program directed at impaired driving produced a short-term reduction in impaired driving.)

Nawrot, Mark:, EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF CATARACT AND REFRACTIVE SURGERY, April, 2005 and also in PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, December 2004. (Nine males and six females were among volunteers, who first were tested in a sober state to establish that they had normal vision abilities in areas including depth perception and eye movements necessary for tracking motion. Volunteers also were screened to make sure they had no family history of alcoholism, and that they themselves were not problem drinkers. After a baseline of normal vision skills was established, tests were repeated after volunteers began drinking alcohol. The study found that depth perception is harmed even in individuals who had below the .08% legal limit for blood alcohol levels for drivers in the United States and other countries.

Nazer, H.; Wright, R. A.; "The Effect of alcohol on the human alimentary tract: a review," JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (1983), 5: 361-365.

Neal, C.; Smith, C.; Dubowski, K. M.; Naughton, J.; "3-methoxy-4-hydorxymandelic acid excretion during physical exercise", JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (1968), 24 (5): 619-21.

Neighbors, Clayton; Dillard, Amanda J.; Lewis, Melissa A.; Bergstrom, Rochelle L.; Neil, Teryl A.; "Normative misperceptions and temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67: 290-299. Results indicate large and stable overs estimations of peer drinking for frequency and weekly quantity. Results also showed that for weekly quantity, perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking also predicted later perceived norms. Results for frequency revealed perceived noms predicted later drinking, but drinking did not predict later perceived noms. Findings support a mutual influence model of the relationship between perceived noms and drinking quantity but are more strongly associated with conformity explanations for the relationship between perceived norms and drinking frequency.

Neighbors, Clayton; Oster-Aaland, Laura; Bergstrom, Rochelle L.; Lewis, Melissa A.; "Event- and context-specific normative misperceptions and high-risk drinking: 21st birthday celebrations and football tailgating", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67: 282-289. The purpose of this research was to lay the foundation for developing personalized normative feedback interventions for 21st birthday celebratory drinking and tailgating drinking by evaluating whether students overestimate norms in these specific contests, as they do more generally. In Study 1, 119 students turning 21 years old who reported their 21st birthday drinking behavior and estimated the typical number of drinks consumed by students celebrating their 21st birthday. Study 2 included 140 undergraduates who reported their behavior regarding drinking and tailgating and their perceived norms for typical drinking and tailgating behavior. Results from Study ! revealed that students overestimated peer drinking during 21st birthday celebrations, and this overestimation was associated with heavier drinking on one's own 21st birthday. Study 2 students underestimated the percentage of tailgaters who drank but overestimated typical consumption. Overestimation was consistently associated with heavier drinking during tailgating.

Nelson, Toben R.; Weschler, Henry; School spirits: alcohol and collegiate sports fans, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS (2002) 28 (1): 1-11. This study examines the relationship between alcohol use and interest in collegiate sports on two levels. First, do sports fans in college binge drink more and exhibit more negative alcohol-related outcomes than other students? Second, do colleges with large numbers of sports fans have higher rates of heavy drinking and accompanying secondhand effects affecting other students? The study analyzed the responses of a nationally representative sample of students who completed questionnaires in the spring of 1999 regarding their extracurricular activities and substance use. The responses of 3445 students sports fans were compared to those of 8405 students who were not sports fans. More sports fans drank alcohol, engaged in binge drinking, had a heavy drinking styles and reported alcohol-related problems with non fans. The percentage of sports fans at a school associated with binge drinking rates and the secondhand effects. The implications for those working with college athletics and for alcohol prevention personnel are discussed.

Neuteboom, W.; Jones, A. W.; " Disappearance rate of alcohol from the blood of drunk drivers calculated from two consecutive samples; what do the results really mean?", FORENSIC SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL (1990), 45: 1-2): 107-15.

Niaura, R. S.; Nathan, P. E.; Frankenstein, W.; Shapiro, A. P.; Brick, J.; "Gender differences in acute psychomotor, cognitive, and pharmacokinetic response to alcohol," ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS (1987), 12: 345-356. (24 males and females, breath alcohol. When gender differences in BALs were controlled statistically, only memory functioning distinguished the groups: males recovered memory functioning more quickly on the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve than did females.)

Nichols, J. M.; Martin, F.; "The Effect of heavy social drinking on recall and event-related potentials," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1996), 57: 125-135. (HSD heavy social drinker is defined as who drank more and 200 gm per week, or 20 standard drinks per week which included one session in which at least 100 mg or 10 standard drinks were consumed. 28 subjects half social heavy drinkers given lorazepam-ativan and placebo. Results indicate heavy social drinkers have an impairment in their information-processing ability in the presence of an acute inhibitory agent.)

Nichols, J. M.; Martin, F.; "Social drinking, memory, and information processing" In: J. Snel and M. M. Lorist, Eds.; Nicotine, caffeine and social drinking: behavior and brain function, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Harwood, 1998, 473p. (315-330pp. ). (When alcohol is consumed at levels which are regarded as socially acceptable, especially when large amounts of alcohol are consumed in one sitting, recent research indicates that impaired information processing and memory deficits may result.)

Nicholson, M. E.; Andre, J. T.; Tyrrell, R. A.; Wang, M.; Liebowitz, H.; "Effects of moderate dose of alcohol on visual contrast sensitivity for stationary and moving targets," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1995), 56: 261-66. (breath alcohol of 8 subjects, 4 double blind sessions. Most states currently prohibit driving with BACs of 0.08-.010%, the present data indicate reliable visual impairment at approximately half of that level. Low sample.)

Nicholson, M. E.; Wang, M., Airhinenbuwa, C. O.; Mahoney, B. S.; Christina, R.; Mahoney, D. W.; "Variability in behavioral impairment involved in the rising and falling BAC curve," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1992), 53: 349-356. (breath alcohol).

Niesink, R. J. M.; Jaspers, R. M. A.; Kornet, L. M. W.; van Ree, J. M., eds.; Drugs of Abuse and Addiction: neurobehavioral toxicology, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 1999, 342p. (BAC chart.)

Niemela, Solja, Sourander, Andre; Poikolainen, Kari; Helenius, Hans; Sillanmaki, Lauri; Parkkola, Kai; Piha, Jorma; Kumpulainen, Kirsti; Almqvist, Fredrik; Moiloanen, Irma; "Childhood predictors of drunkenness in late adolescence among males: a 10-year population-based follow-up study", ADDICTION (2006), 101:512-521. Findings: of the subjects, 15.0% reported never being drunk from alcohol, 74.6 % reported being occasionally drunk and 10.4 % reported being drunk at least once during the previous six months. After adjusting for other variables, teacher's estimate of the child's problem behavior at age 8 predicted frequent drunkenness in last adolescence. Hyperactive problems predicted both occasional and frequent drunkenness. Conduct problems at age 8 predicted only frequent drunkenness. Higher teacher-reported scores of emotional problems predicted lower occurrence of drunkeness-oriented alcohol use.

Noordzij, P. C.; Meester, A. C.; Verschuur, L. G.; "Nighttime driving: the use of seat-belts and alcohol," ERGONOMICS (1988), 31 (4): 663-668. (A nighttime survey in the Netherlands support the finding that the young driver and the drinking drivers are less likely to wear seat-belts. Thus those drivers who are most likely to become involved in a crash are least likely to protect themselves from injury.)

Norberg, A; Gabrielsson, J.; Jones, A. W.; Hahn, R. G.; "Within- and between- subject variations in pharmacokinetic parameters of ethanol by analysis of breath, venous blood and urine," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2000), 49 (5): 399-408. (Breath sample variations were similar or lower than those with blood, both within and between subjects. About 1.5 percent of infused ethanol was recovered in the urine. The low 2 percent within-subject variation of VSS, the key parameter suggests that ethanol dilution analyzed by this pharmokinetic model may be used as in index of the total body water. Breath samples yielded at least as good reproducibility in the model parameters as venous blood.)

Norby, J. J.; "Can we believe what we see, if we see what we believe?--expert disagreement," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1992), 37 (4): 1115-1124. (Observational and inferential errors are explained, described, and illustrated with cases, along with recommendations for recognizing and avoiding them.)

Nutt, David; King, Leslie a.; Saulsbury, William; Blakemore, Colin; "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse", THE LANCET (2007) 369 (9566): 1047-1053. The authors developed a "matrix of harm" using three factors to determine the harm associated with any drug: the physical harm to the user, the drug's potential for addiction, and the impact on society of the drug's use. The researchers asked two groups of experts - psychiatrist specializing in addiction and legal or police officials with scientific or medial expertise - to assessing scores to 20 different drugs, including heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, and LSD. Tobacco cause 40 per cent of all hospital illnesses, while alcohol is blamed for more than half of all visits to hospital emergency rooms. The substance also harm society in other ways, damaging families and occupying police services. "More of an evidenced-based classification of drug according,"to Dr. Leslie Iverson, who was not connected to the research.

Oei, T. P. S.; Kershbaumer, D. M.;"Peer attitudes, sex and the effects of alcohol on simulated driving performance," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (1990), 16: 135-146. (18 male and female subjects aged 18-25 in a driving simulation with breath alcohol levels of .04-.08. Subjects in the "for drinking and driving" condition perceived themselves to be more capable than they actually were and drove increasingly faster and made more mistakes than subjects in the "against drinking driving" condition when under the influence of alcohol. Significant sex differences were observed only for performance on the driving simulator. Males, in the main, engaged in more dangerous driving and risk taking in simulated driving conditions than females.)

Ogle, Richard L., Miller, William R., "The effects of alcohol intoxication and gender on the social information processing of hostile provocations involving female provocateurs." JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2004), 65: 54-62. "Results: Analysis showed a pattern of results whereby intoxicated men evidenced a greater degree of hostile response representation, a greater proportion of aggressive goal selection, greater aggressive response generation and greater aggressive response selection than all other group-by-gender combinations. These results were found most often for scenarios where the intent as was hostile and the provocateur was male. The pattern of findings was consistent with past research on the relationship between alcohol, social information processing and aggression as well as with behavioral studies of the alcohol-aggression link. The social information processing model used in this study appears to be useful for the study of cognitive processes in the causal link between acute alcohol intoxication and aggressive behavior."

The aim of this study was to report trends from 2001 to 2006 in the percentage of all high school seniors who drive after using marijuana, other illicit drugs, or alcohol or who are exposed as passengers to such behaviors. A second objective is to examine demographic and psychosocial correlates of these behaviors. METHOD: The data were obtained from the Monitoring the Future study, in which nationally representative samples of high school seniors have been surveyed annually since 1975. RESULTS: In 2006, 30% of high school seniors reported exposure to a drugged or drinking driver in the past 2 weeks, down from 35% in 2001. Exposure was demonstrated to be widespread as defined by demographic characteristics (population density, region of the country, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and family structure). Individual lifestyle factors (religiosity, grade point average, truancy, frequency of evenings out for fun, and hours of work) showed considerable association with the outcome behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired driving by youth remains a problem needing serious attention despite some progress in recent years.

Orcutt, J. W.; Harvey, L. K.; "The Temporal patterning of tension reduction: Stress and alcohol use on weekdays and weekends," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1991), 52 (5): 415-424. 328 students reported drinking episodes and rating of situational stress during two series of 4-hour time blocks covering early and late evening hours on weekdays (Tuesday and Wednesday) or weekends (Friday and Saturday). The author presents the "Tuesday hypothesis" in which Tuesday is the trough and Saturday the crest of a cycle of alcohol consumption. Rates of alcohol related homicide and traffic fatalities, which peak during the nighttime hours of Friday and Saturday, Arfken, 1988; Richman, 1985).

O'Neill, B., Williams, A. F. and Dubowski, K.; "Variability in blood alcohol concentrations: implication for estimating individual results" JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1983), 44:222-230.

Oscar-Berman, M.; Shagrin, B.; Evert, D. L.; \, C.; "Impairments of brain and behavior: the neurological effects of alcohol: alcohol's effect on organ function," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1997), 21 (1): 65-66. (Heavy alcohol consumption can impair the brain and other components of the nervous system. Neurological effects can include impaired perception, learning and memory, as well as changes in personality and emotions.)  

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updated 07/20/10