Labianca, D. A.; Simpson, G.; "Statistical analysis of blood-to breath-alcohol ratio data in the logarithm-transformed and non-transformed modes," JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (1996): 34 (2): 111-117. (79 subjects, 137 tests and 2100:1 underestimates blood-breath partition ratio.)

Lands, W.E.M.; "A Review of alcohol clearance in humans," ALCOHOL (1998), 15, (2): 147-160. ("The literature of the past 50 years consistently described time-dependent changes in BAL following ingestion or infusion. Generally, oral ingestion gives an initial rise in BAL that represents absorption from the intestine, peaking usually within 1 h. Then there follows an approximately linear decline in BAL with time (zero order kinetics) equivalent to about 3 mmol per minute for people with about 50 l of body water which is based on data from Jones et al. and resembles results in other reports (Derr, 1993, Wallgren, 1970, and Wilkinson, 1977)".

Lange, James E.; Reed, Mark B.; Johnson, Mark B.; Voas, Robert B.; "The efficacy of experimental interventions designed to reduce drinking among designated drivers", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67:261-268. A total of 376 groups consisting of 1,412 pedestrians (57.8% men) were recruited as they crossed into Tijuana, Mexico, from San Diego, CA. Before crossing into Mexico, each group was assigned at random to one of six experimental conditions or to one control condition. The six interventions were designed to (1) cue the use of designated drivers, (2) change attitudes about designated drivers, (3) provide monetary rewards for driver sobriety, and (4) increase group supportive norms for proper designated driver use. Participant breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) were collected before entering Mexico and on return to the United States. Using group members to deliver pro-designated driver messages significantly decreased driver and passenger BrACs relative to controls. Male drivers were more likely to return from Mexico with BrACs of zero if they were rewarded. Among female drivers, wearing a bracelet with the printed words "designated driver" in addition to cuing resulted in 9 of 10 drivers returning with BrACs equal to zero. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that designed driver sobriety can be enhanced through brief interventions, and proper use of the designated driver concepts did not increase the risk of excessive alcohol consumption in passengers.

Langenbucher, J. W.; Nathan, P. E.; "Psychology, public policy, and the evidence of alcohol intoxication" AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST (1983), October, 1070-77. ("Accordingly, the AMA, believing this cutoff to be too permissive (0.150 mg/%), recommended in 1960 that blood alcohol of 0.10 percent [100 mg/% be accepted as prima facie evidence of alcohol intoxication, recognizing that many individual are under the influence in the 0.05 percent to 0.10 percent range. Whether a person is sober or intoxicated is not a matter of common observation; rather, it requires special skill and special training. The assumption that social drinkers would prove to be accurate judge of the BALs of other persons was not confirmed.)

Lapham, Sandra C.; Skipper, Betty J.; Hunt, William C.; Chang, Iylin; "Do risk factors for re-arrest differ for female and male drunk-driving offenders?" ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2000), 24 (11): 1647-1655. Young age predicts re-arrest for males but not for females except that young age predicted higher recidivism among males but not females. The overall 5-year re-arrest was 26%-20% for women, 38% for males age 30 and under, and 24% for males age 31 and older.

Leino, E. V.; Romelsjo, A; Shoemaker, C.; Ager, C. R.; Allenbeck, P.; et al.; "Alcohol consumption and mortality: II studies of male populations," ADDICTION (1998), 93 (2); 202-218.

Lemon, J.; Chesher, G.; Fox, A.; Greeley, J.; Nabke, C.; "Investigation of the "hangover" effects of an acute dose of alcohol on psychomotor performance," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1993), 17 (3): 665-8. (A replication using the same task found a linear dose/impairment relationship during intoxication. A second simple reaction time task and a vigilance task showed a trend toward impairment, but only a divided attention task was significantly affected during intoxication. There was no significant effect of dose on any of these tests during a "morning after" session. The results are discussed in relation to the differences in method between Dauncey and this study.)

Truong, K. D.; Stir,. R.; "Alcohol environments and disparities in exposure associated with adolescent drinking in California", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (Feb., 2009) 99 (2):264-70. The authors investigated sociodemographic disparities in alcohol environments and their relationship with adolescent drinking. Methods: They geocoded and mapped alcohol license data with ArcMap to construct circular buffers centered at 14,595 households with children that participated in the California Health Interview Survey. They calculated commercial sources of alcohol in each buffer. Multivariate logistic regression differentiated the effects of alcohol sales on adolescents' drinking from their individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics. Results: Alcohol availability, measured by mean and median numbers of licenses, was significantly higher around residences of minority and lower-income families. Binge drinking and driving after drinking among adolescents ages 12 to 17 years was significantly associated with the presence of alcohol retailers within 0.5 miles of home. Simulation of changes in the alcohol environment showed that if alcohol sales were reduced from the mean number of alcohol outlets around the lowest-income quartile of households to that of the highest quartile, prevalence of binge drinking would fall from 6.4% to 5.6% and driving after drinking from 7.9% to 5.9%. Conclusions: Alcohol outlets are concentrated in disadvantage neighborhoods and can contribute to adolescent drinking. To reduce underage drinking, environmental interventions need to curb opportunities for you to obtain alcohol from commercial sources by tightening licensure, enforcing minimum-age drinking laws, or other measures.

Levitt, M. D.; "Antagonist: the case against first-pass metabolism of ethanol in the stomach," JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE (1994), 123: 28-31.

Levitt, M. D.; Levitt, D. G.; "The Critical role of the rate of ethanol absorption in the interpretation of studies purporting to demonstrate gastric metabolism of ethanol." THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (1994), 269 (1): 297-269,

Levitt, M. D.; DeMaster, E. G.; Elson, M.; Furne, J.; Levitt, D. G.; "Use of measurements of ethanol absorption from stomach and intestine to assess human ethanol metabolism," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY: GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PSYCHOLOGY (1997): 36 (4): G951-7. (Five subjects with cameras in stomach found 30% absorbed in stomach with food and water.)

Lewis, E. G.; "Influence of test length and difficulty level on performance after alcohol," QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1973), 34: 78-88. (Thirty minutes after drinking alcohol [breath alcohol }, the performance of 20 men on easy card-sort, visual-motor and problem-solving tests did not differ significantly from that of 20 controls. Drinking did interfere, however, with performance on difficult card-sort and visual motor tests.)

Lewis, K. O.; "Back calculation of blood alcohol concentration," BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (1987), 295: 800-1. (Back calculation used in Great Britain.)

Lewis, M. J.; "Blood alcohol: the concentration-time curve and retrospective estimation of level." FORENSIC SCIENCE SOCIETY (1986), 26: 95-113. (Use if BAC higher than .15.)

Lewis, M. J.; "The Individual and the estimation of his blood alcohol concentration from intake, with particular reference to the "Hip-Flask" drink," FORENSIC SCIENCE SOCIETY (1986), 26: 19-27. (Uses TBW--total body water.)

Lieber, C. S.; Gentry, R. T.; Baraona, E.; "First pass metabolism of ethanol." ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1994), Suppl 2: 163-169.

Lieber, C. S.; "Hepatic and other medical disorders of alcoholics,: from pathogenesis to treatment,' JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1998) 59 (1): 59-68.

Leigh, B. C.; "In search of the seven dwarves: Issues of measurement and meaning in alcohol expectancy research, PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN (1989), 105: 361-373. (Discusses substantive issues in predicting drinking patterns from expectancies, as well as issues of content and measurement of the scales develop to measure these expectancies. Alcohol expectancies or the beliefs that individuals hold about the effects of alcohol on their behavior, moods, and emotions--are an important factor in motivating drinking behavior.)

Lim, R. T.; Gentry, R. T.; Ito, D.; Yokoyama, H.; Baraona, E.; Lieber, C. S.; "First-pass metabolism of ethanol is predominately gastric," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1993), 17 (6): 1337-1344. (Research on rats.)

Linnoila, M.; Stapleton, J. M.; Lister, R.; Guthrie, S.; Eckardt, M.; "Effects of alcohol on accident risk," PATHOLOGIST (1986), August: 36-41. (Ethanol has multiple adverse effects on central nervous system functions. Such functions must be intact for the safe operation of a motor vehicle in traffic. Thus, it is not surprising that the consumption of ethanol is associated with increased risk of accidents. This increment in accident risk becomes evident in epidemiological studies at BACs between 50 and 80 mg/dL. Laboratory studies have demonstrated ethanol-induced impairments of skilled performance starting at BACs of the order of 25 to 30 mg/dL.)

Logan, B. K.; Jones, A. W.; "Endogenous ethanol 'auto-brewery syndrome' as a drunk-driving defense challenge." MEDICINE SCIENCE AND LAW (2000), 40 (3): 206-15. "Other reports of finding abnormally high concentrations of ethanol in body fluids fro ostensibly healthy subjects suffer from deficiencies in study design and lack suitable control experiments or use nonspecific analytical methods. With reliable gas chromatographic methods of analysis, the concentrations of endogenous ethanol in peripheral venous blood of healthy individuals, as well as those suffering from various metabolic disorders (diabetes, hepatitis, cirrhosis) ranged from 0-0.08 mg/dl. These concentrations are far too low to have any forensic or medical significance. The notion that a motorist's state of intoxication was cause by endogenously produced ethanol lacks merit."

Lucey, M. R.; Hill, E. M.; Young, J. P.; Demo-Danabert, L.; Beresford, T. P.; "The Influences of age and gender on blood ethanol concentrations in healthy humans," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1999), 60: 103-11. (14 men and women aged 21-40 and 15 women and 14 men aged 60+ were given 0.3g/kg on three occasions and their blood tested. The elderly had higher blood alcohol concentration and gender differences in younger persons could not be replicated in this study.)

Lukas, S. E.; Mendelson, J. H.; Benedikt, R. A.; "Instrumental analysis of ethanol-induced intoxication in human males,: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1986), 89: 8-13. (18 male social drinkers with top BAC levels of 0.05% to 0.055%, fasted or fed???)

Lund, A. K.; Wolfe, A. C.; "Changes in the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving in the United States, 1973-1986," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1991), 52 94): 293-301. (Studies of motor vehicle fatality data have indicated alcohol involvement in fatal crashes has declined since 1980 this study determined that the data for late-night weekend crashes was 3.1% with BAC above 0.10% compared to 1973 and 4.9%.)

Lynskey, Michael T.; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Madden, Pamela A. F.; Heath, Andrew C.; "Early-onset alcohol-use behaviors and subsequent alcohol-related driving risks in young women: a twin study:, JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS (2007), 68 (7): 798-804. The purpose of this study was to estimate associations between early-onset alcohol use/intoxication and subsequent risks of alcohol-related driving risks in young women after control for familial liability for these behaviors. Method: Self-reported data on alcohol use and associated risks were collected from a representative sample of 3,786 Missouri-born adolescent female twins. Results: After statistical control for familial liability to alcohol-related driving risks, alcohol dependence, and length of exposure to risk (i.e., time between the earlier of age at onset of drinking or age 6 (the minimum legal driving age in Missouri), young women who reported early-onset alcohol use/intoxication had odds of alcohol-related driving risks that were from 1.6 to 2.2 times higher than those with a later onset of alcohol use or intoxication. Conclusions: Young women who commence drinking at an early age are at heightened risks for subsequent alcohol-related driving risks, and these associations cannot be explained entirely by familial liability for these behaviors.

McCabe, Sean Esteban; Schulenberg, John E.; Johnston, Lloyd D.; O'Malley, Patrick M.; Boatman, Jerald G.; Kiosk, Deborah D.; "Selection and socialization effects of fraternities and sororities on US college student substance use: a multi-cohort national longitudinal study", ADDICTION (2005), 100: 512-524. The study provides strong evidence that higher rates of substance use among US college students who join fraternities and sororities predate their college attendance, and that membership in a fraternity or sorority is associated with considerably grater than average increases in heavy episodic drinking and annual marijuana use during college. These findings have important implications for prevention and intervention efforts aimed toward college students , especially members of fraternities and sororities.

McCarthy, Denis M., Brown, Sandra A.; "Changes in alcohol involvement, cognitions and drinking and driving behavior for youth after they obtain a driver's license," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2004) 65: 289-296. The results indicate a number of changes in substance involvement after obtaining a driver's license. However, initially this transition may also indicate a period of protection against drinking and driving. These results may have implications for the target and content of drinking and driving interventions. These initial data on the relationship for youth between obtaining a driver's license and substance involvement indicate an increase in frequency of alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use after they begin to drive independently.

McCartt, Anne T., Williams, Allan F., "Characteristics of fatally injured drivers with high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs)" Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2004. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of fatally injured passenger vehicle drivers in the United States were used to examine the current and historical distributions of BACs and the characteristics of fatally injured drivers by BAC categories, including those with very high BACs. All categories of illegal BACs (0.08 percent or higher) declined substantially from 1982 to 2002, and declines were similar across BAC categories. Among illegally impaired drivers, the prevalence of several driver and crash characteristics increased systematically, but gradually, with increasing BACs. This study does not support the claim that "hard core drinking drivers" have become a larger part of the problem and have been unaffected by general deterrent approaches.

Mack, C. M.; " Alcohol-induced impairment of central nervous system function: behavioral skills involved in driving," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), Suppl. 10, July: 109-116.

Mackell, M. A.; Poklis, A.; "Evaluation of a modified alcohol dehydrogenase assay for the determination of ethanol in blood," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1982), 28 (10): 2125-7.

MacKinnon, D. P.; Scriber, R.; Taft, K. A.; "Development and applications of a city-level alcohol availability and alcohol problems database," STATISTICS IN MEDICINE (1995), 14: 591-604. (Data on alcohol availability and problems in all cities in Los Angeles County were collected from several different sources and linked together to form a Local Alcohol Availability Database. The purposed of the projects was to provide a citywide level alcohol availability and alcohol-related problems database needed by local community alcohol policy planners and to collect the data necessary for research on the relationship between these measures. A fixed year and city effects regression model suggests that outlet density is positively related to several alcohol-related problems.)

McMillan, Garnet P.; Lapham, Sandra: "Effectiveness of bans and laws in reducing traffic deaths: legalized Sunday packaged alcohol sales and alcohol-related traffic crashes and crash fatalities in New Mexico", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (2006), 96 (11): 1944-1948. The study compared the five years before and after the Sunday ban was repealed. The authors took into account historical trends, holidays and seasons of the year to make sure change s were not attributable to other patterns of risk. This study found that the "blue laws" or Sunday bans saved lives and prevented hundreds of injuries and fatalities from alcohol-related crashes. "The thing we know is accessibility of alcohol increases alcohol incidents, and that includes crashes. . .Now the study's here to prove that." Linda Atkinson, executive director of the Albuquerque based OWI Resource Center.

Mallett, Kimberly A.; Lee, Christine M.; Neighbors, Clayton; Larimer, Mary E.; Turrisi, Rob; "Do we learn from our mistakes" An examination of the impact of negative alcohol-related consequences on college students' drinking patterns and perceptions," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67: 269-276. "Results suggest that heavier-drinking students do no learn from their mistakes but instead overestimate the amount of alcohol they can consume without experiencing negative consequences. Clinical implication of these findings are discussed in terms of augmenting brief interventions aimed at heavy-drinking college students.)

Mancino, M.; Cunningham, M. R.; Davidson, P.; Fulton, R. L.; "Identification of the motor vehicle accident victim who abuses alcohol: an opportunity to reduce trauma," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1996), 57: 652-658.

Mann, R. E.; Stodoto, G.; Pavic, B. et al.; "Introduction of high-alcohol beer in Ontario: preliminary observations on its use by underage drinkers," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (1997), 88 (2): 114-8. (A questionnaire of 11th and 12th graders in Ontario, Canada and High Alcohol Beer consumption. Both male and female high-alcohol beer consumers drank alcohol more frequently, got drunk more frequently, and drank 5+ drinks on the same occasion more frequently than non-consumers of high alcohol beer.)

Manno, Barbara R, Manno, Joseph E.; "Epidemiologic basis or alcohol-induced psychomotor performance impairment (PMPI)," In: Garriott, James C., ed.; Medicolegal aspects of alcohol, 3rd ed. Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Inc., c1996, 526p.

Manno, Joseph E., Manno, Barbara R, ; "Experimental basis or alcohol-induced psychomotor performance impairment (PMPI)," In: Garriott, James C., ed.; Medicolegal aspects of alcohol, 3rd ed. Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Inc., c1996, 526p.

Manzardo, Ann M., Penick, Elizabeth C.; Knop, Joachim; Nickel, Elizabeth J.; Hall, Sandra; Jensen, Per; Gabrielli, William F., Jr., "Developmental differences in childhood motor coordination predict adult alcohol dependence: proposed role for the cerebellum in alcoholism", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (3):353-357. Relationships found between adult alcoholism and early delays in motor development offer support for the theory that cerebellar deficits amy play a causal role in the addiction process.

Markowitz, L, DeYoung, D.; "Blood alcohol concentration and driver record factors (letter), JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1997), 58 (6): 671-3. (Recidivism at rates of BAC above .09.)

Martin, C. S.; Earleywine, C. S.; "Ascending and descending rates of change in blood alcohol concentrations and subjective intoxication ratings," JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE (1990), 2: 345-352. (Breath alcohol and intoxication level at same time.)

Martin, C.; "Development and validation of biphasic alcohol effects,"ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1993), 17: 140-46. (42 male and female subjects and a self-reporting scale (BAES). The data provide some initial validation of the BAES as a self-report measure of the stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol.)

Martin, C. S.; Moss, H. B.; "Measurement of acute tolerance to alcohol in human subjects," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1993), 17 (2): 211-16.

Martin, N. G.; Oakeshott, J. G.; Gibson, J. B.; Starmer, G. A.; Perl, J.; Wilkes, A. V.; "A Twin study of psychomotor and physiological responses to and acute dose of alcohol," BEHAVIOR GENETICS (1985), 15: 305-347. (206 pairs of twins with repeatable BACs.)

Martin, N. G.; Perl, J.; Gibson, J. B.; Starmer, G. A.; Wilkes, A. V.; "A Twin study of ethanol metabolism," BEHAVIOR GENETICS (1985), 15 (2): 93-107. (Twins and alcohol and food.)

Mason, M. F.; Dubowski, K.; "Alcohol traffic and chemical testing in the United States", CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1974) 20 (2):126-140.

Mason, H.; and Dubowski, K .M.; "Breath-alcohol analysis: uses, methods and some forensic problems--review and opinion," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1976), 21 (9) : p. 9-41.

Mason, M. F.; Dubowski, K.; "Breath as a specimen for analysis for ethanol and other low molecular weight alcohols": In Garriott, J. C., ed., Medico legal aspects of alcohol determination in biological specimens, Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing Co., 1988, p101-110.

Mattern, Jody L.; Neighbors, Clayton; "Social norms campaigns: examining the relationship between changes in perceived norms and changes in drinking levels." JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2004), 65: 489-493. "Results suggest that social norms marketing in residence halls can effectively reduce overestimates of typical student drinking and that reduction of perceived drinking norms are associated with reduced drinking."

Maylor, E. A.; Rabbit, P. M. A.; "Alcohol, reaction time and memory: a meta-analysis," BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY (1993), 84: 301-17. (Alcohol appears to have a general linear effect on information processing, rather than specific effects on a subset of stages. It is concluded that the results are consistent with a reduced processing resources hypothesis for the impairment with alcohol.)

*Maylor, E. A.; Rabbit, P. M. A.; "Effects of practice and alcohol on performance of a perceptual-motor task," THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (1987), 39A: 777-795. (40 male and 40 female subjects, breath alcohol. The results demonstrated that: (1) results improved with practice; (2) with alcohol, 0.8 mg/kg body weight, subjects were more variable and less accurate; (3) improvement with alcohol was greater that without alcohol, but as performance was impaired by alcohol, there was greater scope for improvement; (4) those who practiced with alcohol still improved when switched to no alcohol late in practice; and (5) alcohol had the same effect early and late in practice.)

McKnight, A. James; Langston, Elizabeth A.; Marques, Paul R.; Tippetts, A. Scott; "Estimating blood alcohol level from observable signs", ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION (1997), 29 (2): 247-255. Researchers first observed and recorded signs of change in behavior and physical appearance among dosed drinkers in small social groups (n=149). Signs were grouped into impairment levels corresponding to three broad categories of blood alcohol concentration (BAC): <0.04% (no signal), 0.04%-0.08%, and >0.08%. Next, drinkers were then classified into judged impairment level by guests observing small numbers in social groups (n=333), hosts observing large numbers in social groups (n=480), and servers observing patrons in public establishments (n+436). A random half of the observers in each setting were given instructional guidance in the relationship of signs to impairment level. Results showed all observers to exceed change in their classifications of drinker impairment, with observations in the small social groups being significantly more accurate than those in the other two groups. A beneficial instructional guidance effects was significant for the social groups, with the greatest benefit found in detecting those over 0.04% in the small groups. The authors conclude that, while most people are fairly accurate in judging alcohol impairment, their accuracy is greatest and guidance most effective in detecting the presence rather than degree of impairment and when attention can be concentrated upon a few drinkers at a time.

Mendelson, J. H.; Mello, N. K., eds.; Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism, New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, date, pages.

Mertens, Jennifer R; Weisner, Constance; Ray, G Thomas; Fireman, Bruce; Walsh, Kevin; Hazardous Drinkers and drug users in HMO primary care: prevalence, medical conditions, and Costs, ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (June 2005.), 29(6):989-998. Substantial evidence exists that individuals with alcohol and drug disorders have heightened comorbidities and health care costs. However, little is known about the larger population of "hazardous" drinkers (those whose consumption increases their "risk of physical and psychological harm") and drug users. 1,419 patients from HMO primary care clinics was screened for hazardous drinking and drug use. Health plan databases were used to examine medical conditions and health care costs of hazardous drinkers and drug users in the year prior to screening, in comparison to 13,347 patients from the same clinics, excluding those screened. A prevalence of 7.5% for hazardous drinking and 3.2% for drug use in primary care (10% had at least one of the two problems) was found. Hazardous drinkers and drug users had heightened prevalences for eight medical conditions, including costly conditions such as injury and hypertension, and psychiatric conditions. Medical costs for the year examined were not higher, except for those who also had psychiatric conditions. Hazardous drinkers and drug users' heightened medical conditions, especially those related to alcohol and drug abuse, indicate that screening and brief intervention at this lower threshold of hazardous drinking and drug use will detect individuals with health risks sooner. Optimal treatment and prevention of some medical disorders may require identification and intervention of underlying hazardous alcohol or drug use.

Meyerhoff, D. J.; Blumefled, R.; Truran, D.; Lindgren, J.; Flenniken, D.; Cardenas, V.; Chao, L. L.; Rothchild, J.; Studholme, C.; Weiner, M. W.; "Effects of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and family history of alcoholism on regional brain metabolites", ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (April, 2004), 28(4): 650-661. The study was comprised of 46 chronic, heavy drinkers, (38 males 8 females) and 53 light drinkers (32 males, 20 females). Community-dwelling heavy drinkers who are not in alcoholism treatment have brain metabolite changes that are associated with lover brain function and are likely of behavioral significance. Age, family history of drinking,, and binge drinking modulate brain metabolite abnormalities. Metabolite changes in active heavy drinkers are less pronounced and present with a different spatial and metabolite pattern than reported in abstinent alcoholics. Meyerhoff said some of the behaviors that could be associated with the metabolite changes include the inability to apply consequences from past actions, difficulties with abstract concepts of time and money, difficulties with storing and retrieving information, and frequently needing external motivators. Heavy drinking damages your brain ever so slightly, reducing your cognitive function in ways that may not be readily noticeable.

Meyerhoff, Dieter J.; Bode, Christine; Nixon, Sara Jo; de Bruin, Eveline A.; Bode, J. Christian; Sietz, Helmut K.; "Health risks of chronic moderate and heavy alcohol consumption: how much is too much?", ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (April, 2005), 29 (7) : 1334-1340.

Miller, D. S.; Stirling, J. L.; Yudkin, J.; "Effect of ingestion of milk on concentrations of blood alcohol," NATURE (1966) December 3: 1051. (Reduces effects of alcohol., test done on five men and women with testing of the urine. Low sample.)

Miller, R. J.; Pigion, R. G.; Takahama, M.; "The Effect of ingested alcohol on accommodative, fusional, and dark vergence," PERCEPTION AND PSYCHOPHYSICS (1986), 39: 25-31. (8 male subjects, breath alcohol. Intoxication produced significant increases in convergence for far fusional and far accommodative targets. Intoxication also led to a tendency toward decreased convergence for near fusional and near accommodative targets, although the results were less clear than in the case of the far viewing conditions. Low sample.)

Miller, R. J.; "Ingested ethanol as a factor in double vision," ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (1992), 654: 489-91. (8 male subjects, 11 distances, breath alcohol, trials every 15 minutes for six hours. A frequent symptom of ethanol intoxication is double vision (diplopia), a deterioration of the ability to combine the two eyes' images into one precept (i.e., to achieve fusion) One aspect of fusion ability is fusion latency, the time required to achieve fusion one a target is binocularly visible. A major contributor to successful fusion is the ability to converge or diverge the eyes to an angle appropriate for the distance of the target. The far point of fusion (the maximum distance at which fusion could be attained) decreased significantly as BAL increased. Low sample.)

Miller, T. H.: "Nonverbal communication in expert testimony," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1983), 28 (2): 523-527.

Miller, Ted R.; Levy, David T.; Spicer, Rebecca S.; Taylor, Dexter M.; "Societal costs of underage drinking", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2002), 67: 519-528. Underage drinking accounted for at least 16% of alcohol sales in 2001. It led to 3,170 deaths and 2.6 million other harmful events. The estimated $62.9 billion bill (relative SE+ 18.5%) included $5.4 billion in medical costs, $14.9 billion in work loss and other resource costs, and $41.6 billion in lost quality of life, which accounted for 67% of total costs, required challenging indirect measurement. Alcohol-attributable violence and traffic crashes dominated the costs. Leaving aside quality of life, the societal harm of $1 per drink consumed by an underage drinker exceeded the average purchase price of $0.90 or the associated $0.10 in tax revenues. Youth drinking behaviors merit the same kind of serious attention as alcohol and illicit drugs.

Mills, K. C.; Bisgrove, E. Z.; "Cognitive impairment and perceived risk from alcohol: laboratory, self-report and field assessments" JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1993), 44 (1): 26-46. (40 males aged 24-52 were given ethanol and tested four times, four different days, on divided attention. Results show that heavy drinkers are more likely to hold elevated estimates of their ability to compensate for the effects of drinking. After the study, heavy drinkers also had more optimistic attitudes about effects of driving and drinking.)

Mills, K. C.; Parkman, K. M.; Spruill, S. E.; "A PC-based software test for measuring alcohol and drug effects in human subjects," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1996), 20 (9): 1582-91. (Breath alcohol with 24 subjects with significant falling and rising impairment effects on eye movements, eye-hand coordination, color, etc.)

Midanik, L. T.; Tam, T. W.; Greenfield, T. K.; Caetano, R.; "Risk functions for alcohol-related problems in a 1988 US national sample," ADDICTION (1996), 91 (10): 1427-37. (To assess the relationship of alcohol use and three types of alcohol-related problems [dependence syndrome, work problems and drunk driving], risk curves developed for average number of drinks per day during last year [volume] and number of days drinking five or more drinks during one day. The risk for all types of problems at lower and moderate levels of drinking was significantly higher for respondents who had five or more drinks during one day in the last year. These findings underscore the importance of examining risk [physical and social] at lower levels of drinking and for using both overall volume and heavier quantity per occasion drinking measures when assessing risk for alcohol-related problem.)

Mitchell, N. C.; "Alcohol induced impairment of central nervous system function: behavioral skills involved in driving," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), Suppl 10, 109-116. (Review of alcohol and its effects on perception, attention, sensorimotor coordination, and cognitive function. Impairment is dose related but not identical or strictly linear for all behaviors. Alcohol-related impairment of behavior skills that require cognitive functioning is greatest for those tasks that require cognitive functioning; simple perception alone is least affected. Impairment of cognitive functioning, which includes information processing and decision making under conditions of divided attention, is evident at BALs above 50 mg/dl and is markedly affected above 100 mg/dl.

"Moderate drinking" ALCOHOL ALERT, NIAAA, 16, April, 1992. "Moderate drinking is difficult to define because it means different things to different people. The term is often confused with "social drinking," which refers to drinking patterns that are accepted by the society in which they occur. However,social drinking is not necessarily free of problems. Moderate drinking may be defined as drinking that does not generally cause problems, either for the drinker or for society. Since there are clearly both benefits and risks associated with lower levels of drinking, this Alcohol Alert will explore potentially positive and adverse effects of "moderate" drinking."
Address: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa16.htm

Mohler-Kuo, Meichun; Dowdall, George W.; Koss, Mary P.; and Wechsler, Henry; "Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2004), 65: 37-48. Heavy alcohol use is widespread among college students, particularly in those social situations where the risk of rape rises. The purpose of this study was to present prevalence data for rape under the condition of intoxication when the victim is unable to consents and to identify college and individual-level risk factors associated with the condition. Results: roughly one in twenty women reported being raped. Nearly three quarters (72%) of the victims experienced rape while intoxicated. Women who were under 21, were white, reside in sorority house, use illicit drugs, drank heavily in high school and attended colleges with high rates of heavy episodic drinking were at higher risk of rape while intoxicated. Conclusions: The high proportion of rapes found to occur when women were intoxicated indicates the need for alcohol prevention programs on campuses that address sexual assault, both to educate men about what constitutes rape and to advise women of risky situations. The findings that some campus environments are associated with higher levels of both drinking and rape will help target rape prevention programs in colleges."

Montgomery, M. R.; Reason, M. J.; "Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data: an applied approach," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1992), 36 : 281-292. (This a author offers the rule of thumb. A person eliminates one drink per hour beginning from the first swallow of alcohol.)

Monti, Peter M.; Miranda, Robert, Jr.; Nixon, Kimberley; Sher, Kenneth J.; Swartzwelder, H. Scott, Tapert, Susan, White, Aaron, Crews, Fulton T.; "Adolescence: booze, brains and behavior", ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (2): 207-220. This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The presentations were (1) Introduction, (2) Adolescent Binge Drinking Causes Life-Long Changes in Brain, (3) Functional Neuro-imaging Studies in Human Adolescent Drinkers, (4) Abnormal Emotional Reactivity as a Risk Factor for Alcoholism, (5) Alcohol-Induced Memory Impairments Including Blackouts, and the Changing Adolescent Brain and (6) Discussion.

Mortimer, R. G.; Sturgis, S. P.; "Effects of low and moderate levels of alcohol on steering." In: Israelstam, S.; Lambert S. (eds.), ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY (1975), Toronto, Canada, Addiction Research Foundation, pp. 329-345. (Study of 18 male and female subjects, breath alcohol and driving simulator. Subjects were impaired at both the 0.07% (for Michigan) and 0.10% ethanol levels.)

Moskowitz, H.; "Adverse effects of alcohol and other drugs on human performance," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1985), Summer, 11-15.

Moskowitz, H.; "Attention tasks as skills performance measures of drug effects," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1984), 18: 51S-61S. (This paper examined and reviewed the effects of drugs on tow major components of cognitive perceptual performance, concentrated attention or vigilance and divided attention. It is demonstrated that these two types of attention tasks are differentially affected by various drugs, so that sometimes one and sometimes the other of these tasks is impaired. Various experimental paradigms to investigate these two attention functions are presented. It is demonstrated that attention tasks are frequently highly sensitive to drug effects, suggesting the importance of examining these functions when investigating the effects of drugs on performance.)

Moskowitz, H.; DePry, D.; "Differential effect of alcohol on auditory vigilance and divided-attention tasks," QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL ( 1968), 29: 54-63. (10 subjects. The results support the reports the Gruner, Ludwig and Domer that alcohol disrupts the ability of the brain to monitor simultaneously two channels of information; they found a 16% impairment at a 0.075% blood alcohol level, almost the same impairment found in this study, and also reported a performance deficit at blood alcohol levels as low as 0.025%.)

Moskowitz, H.; Robinson, C.; "Driving-related skills impairment at low blood alcohol levels", In: Noordzij, P. C., et al. (eds.) ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: proceeding of the 10th International conference on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety, Amsterdam, 1987, 79-86. (Review 178 studies of impairment literature.)

Moskowitz, H.; Burns, M.; " Effects of alcohol on driving performance," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1990), 14 (1): 12-14. ( A review of the literature. Covers: psychomotor skills, vision, tracking, perception, information processing, and attention.)

Moskowitz, H.; Burns, M. M,; Williams, A. F.; "Skills performance at low blood alcohol levels," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 46 (6): 482-485. (10 men, breath alcohol and divided attention and tracking. All response variable show evidence of impairment at the lowest BAL tested at 0.02 and increasing impairment with increasing BAL. Clearly, the divided-attention tasks was the more sensitive of the two tasks, which probably reflects the greater susceptibility of complex tasks to alcohol effects. Moreover, the divided-attention task combining tracking and visual search components is more directly compatible to demands of actual driving situations. Low sample.)

Moss, Howard B.; "Chenb, Chiung M.; Yi, Hsiao-ye; "Subtypes of alcohol dependence in a nationally representative sample", DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE (2007). The NIAAA researchers have identified five subtypes of alcoholics by the following specific characteristics:
--Young Adult Alcoholics--31.5 percent. young adult drinkers, with relatively low rates of co-occurring substance abuse and mental disorders; low rates of family alcoholism; rarely seek any kind of help for their drinking.
--Young Antisocial Alcoholic--21 percent; most are in their mid-20's and have early onset of regular drinking and early onset alcohol problems; more than half come from families with alcoholism, and about half have a psychiatric diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder; many have major depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety problems; more than 75 percent smoke cigarettes and marijuana and many also have cocaine and opiate addictions; more than one-third seek help for their drinking.
--Functional Alcoholics--19.5 percent; typically middle-age, well-educated, with stable jobs and families; about one-third have a multigenerational family history of alcoholism; one-quarter had major depressive illness at some time in their lives; nearly 50 percent are smokers.
--Intermediate Familial Alcoholics--19 percent; middle-aged individuals who had early onset of drinking and alcohol problems; high rates of antisocial personality disorder and criminality; almost 80 percent come from familles with multigenerational alcoholism; they have the highest rates of other psychiatric disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders; this group has high rates of smoking, and marijuana, cocaine, and opiate dependence; two-thirds seek help for their drinking problems, making them the most prevalent type of alcoholic in treatment.

Moulden, J. V.; Russell, A.; "Is MADD trying to rate the states?"--a citizen activist approach to DWI prevention," ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING (1994), 10 (3-4): 317-326.

Mukamal, Kenneth J.; et. al.; "Rose of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men", NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2003): 348 (2): 109-118. 38,077 male health professionals aged 40 to 75 who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at base line (1986 to 1998). The authors assessed the consumption of beer, red wine, white wine, and liquor individually every four years using validated food-frequency questionnaires. During the 12 years there were 1418 cases of myocardial infarction. Compared with men who consumed alcohol less than once per week, men who consumed alcohol three or four to five to seven days per week had decreased risks of MI. These subjects had a overall decrease in consumption over the course of the study. "Conclusions: Among men, consumption of alcohol at least three to four days per week was inversely associated with the risk of MI. Neither the type of beverage nor the proportion consumed with meals substantially altered this association. Men who increased their alcohol consumption by a moderate amount during follow-up had a decreased risk of myocardial infarction."

Mumenthaler, M. S., Taylor, J. L., O'Hara, R., Yesavage, J. A.; "Gender differences in moderate drinking effects," ALCOHOL RESEARCH HEALTH, (1999), 23 (1): 55-64. (Article provides an overview of alcohol metabolism and reviews recent studies on gender differences in alcohol absorption, distribution, elimination, and impairment. Speculation that gender differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics or alcohol-induced performance impairment may be caused by the menstrual cycle and variations in female sex hormones are discussed. It is concluded that the menstrual cycle is unlikely to influence alcohol pharmacokinetics.)

Munct, J. C.; Perrine, M. W.; Searles, John S.; "Individual differences in alcohol responsivity: physiological, psychomotor and subjective response domains," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1987) 58: 130-140.

Mungas, D.; Ehlers, C. L.; Wall, T. I.; "Effects of acute alcohol administration on verbal and spatial learning," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1994), 29: 163-169. (25 Asian-American college students. Results provide evidence that alcohol increases susceptibility to interference effects.)

Muthen, Bengt O.; Muthen, Linda K.; " The development of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems from ages 18 to 37 in a U. S. national sample," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2000), 81 (2): 290-300. " N=7859 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Results: A key finding is that dropping out of high school has no effect on alcohol-related problems for individuals in the mid-twenties, but is associated with significantly increased levels of alcohol-related problems for individuals in their mid thirties, in contrast, going on to college is associated with lower levels of heavy drinking when individuals reach their late twenties and their thirties. Strong gender and ethnicity effects seen in the twenties diminish when individuals reach their thirties. Conclusions: The trajectory analysis expands the knowledge of problematic alcohol development for individuals in their late twenties and thirties. The increasing detrimental effect of dropping out of high school up to the age 37 endpoint of the study raises questions about the effects in later life of dropping out of high school."

Myers, C. A.; Hovel, M. F.; Elder, J. P.; Hall, J. Al; "Paradoxical effects of blood alcohol concentration charts," PREVENTIVE MEDICINE (1991), 20 (3)" 431-5. (Association between BAC charts and drinking.)  

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