Ikeda, H.; Granger, G. W.; "Action of alcohol on visual and retinal responses to intermittent illumination," In: 3rd International Conference on Alcohol and Road Traffic, B. M. A. House, Tavistock, England, 1963, p.140-146. (The frequency at which flicker cannot be detected is known as the fusion frequency. Preliminary testing indicated that a dose of 0.75 g of alcohol per kg body weight was required to produce a reasonably clear-cut effect. Unknown number of subjects and BAC or breath alcohol.)

"Imaging and alcoholism: a window on the brain." ALCOHOL ALERT (2000), 47:6p. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa47.htm

Imwinkelried, E. J.; "Science takes the stand: the growing misuse of expert testimony," THE SCIENCES (1986), November/December: 20-4.

Ingvar, M.; Ghatan, P. H.; Ingvar, D. H.; " Alcohol activates the cerebral reward system in man," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1998), 59: 258-269. (13 men, breath alcohol and 0.07% alcohol on regional brain activity at read and during cognitive performance. Conclusion: a moderate dose of alcohol selectively activates target structures that pertain to the so-called cerebral reward system and the ascending reticular activating system. Low sample.)

Isaac, G.; Sognnaes, J. D.; Sognnaes, R. F.; "General discussion of effective expert testimony symposium," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1983), 28 (2) 537-539.

Jaaskelainen, I.. P.; Naatanen, R.; Sillanaukee, P.; "Effect of acute ethanol on auditory and visual event-related potentials: a review and reinterpretation," BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (1996), 40 (4): 284-291. (Visual potential seem to be quite sensitive to alcohol when they are elicited by stimuli falling outside the focus of attention or to the periphery of the attentional gradient. It appears that the mechanisms of involuntary attentions shifting within the visual modality are vulnerable to ethanol in a similar manner to those within the auditory modality, and may partly explain the commonly observed a narrowing of the attentional scope during alcohol intoxication.)

Jackson, P. R.; Tucker, G. T.; Woods, H. F.; "Backtracking booze with Bayes--the retrospective interpretation of blood alcohol data," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 91991), 31 (1): 55-63. (Computer simulation of BAC curve.)

Jaffe, J. H.; Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol, New York, Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1995. Articles on Alcohol, BAC, Drug Metabolism, Drunk Driving, Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol, etc.

Jakus, J.T.; Shajani, N. K.; and Image, B. A.; "Consumption of a large dose of alcohol in a short time span," FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (1992), 56: 113-125.

Jansen, A. A. I.; deGier, J. J.; Slangen, J. L.; "Alcohol effects on signal detection performance," NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY(1985), 14: 83-87. (12 male subjects and breath alcohol. It is concluded that alcohol affects signal detection performance under conditions of low signal probability. Individuals with a relatively low performance level are more susceptible to the effects of alcohol. Small sample.)

Joly, R.; Wilde, G. J. S.; "The Effect of BAC at .08% by volume upon skill and risk-taking tendency in a response-timing task," In: Noordzij, P. C., et al. (eds.) ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: proceeding of the 10th International conference on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety, Amsterdam, 1987, 173-176. (BAC or breath alcohol, fasted or fed, time since last alcohol, when did the game begin variables uncertain.)

Johnston, I. R.; "The Role of alcohol in road crashes," ERGONOMICS (1982), 25: 941-946. (Fifty percent of the alcohol-related crashes occurred on curves compared with only 36% of the 'sober' crashes. In negotiating a curve, two behaviors are critical: an accurate estimation of the degree of curvature to enable appropriate speed selection and precise tracking of the curve path. It is a conventional divided attention-task and alcohol is known to seriously impair timesharing ability. Making the reasonable assumption that impaired drivers will devote relatively more attention to their short-term steering task it is likely to be their perception of the relevant cues to curvature that will suffer, resulting in in an inappropriate curve entry speed which in turn will exacerbate the demands placed on steering control.)

Jones, A. W.; Neri, A.; " Age-related differences in blood ethanol parameters and subjective feelings of intoxication in healthy men," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1985), 20 (1): 45-52. (12 men of various ages.)

Jones, A. W.; "Are a blood alcohol concentration of 256 mg/dl and minimal signs of impairment reliable indicators of alcohol dependence?" MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND THE LAW (1994), 34 (3): 265-270.

Jones, A. W.; "Back-estimation of blood alcohol concentration (letter to the editor)," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1993), 35: 669.

Jones, A. W.; Jonsson, K. A.; "Between-subject and within-subject variations in pharmacokinetics of ethanol," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1994), 37 (5): 427-31. (12 men drank on four occasions.)

Jones, A. W.; "Biochemistry and physiology of alcohol: applications for forensic science and toxicology" ; In: J. C. Garriott, ed. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL DETERMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS : volume 3, Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Inc., 1996, p. 99.

Jones, A. W.; "Blood alcohol concentration, measures of," In: Jaffe, J. H.; , New York, Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1995, 164-7.

Jones, A. W.; "Blood and breath alcohol concentrations," BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (1992), 305 (6859): 955.

Jones, A. W.; "Citation trends and practices in the JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES as document by ISI's journal citation report," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1998), 439-444.

Jones, A. W.; "Concentration-time profiles of ethanol in arterial and venous blood and end-expired breath during and after intravenous infusion," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1997), 42 (6): 1088-94. 13 men given an infusion of alcohol for 30 min. Measurement taken at 17 timed intervals of blood and breath. In the post-absorptive phase of ethanol kinetics, when alcohol has mixed with the total body water, VBAC exceeds ABAC by about 1-2 mg/100 mL on average.

Jones, A. W.; "Concentration-time profiles of ethanol in capillary blood after ingestion of beer," JOURNAL OF THE FORENSIC SCIENCES SOCIETY (1991), 31 (4): 429-439.

Jones, A. W.' "Determination of liquid/air partition coefficients for dilute solutions of ethanol in water, whole blood, and plasma," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1983), 7: 193-97.

Jones, A. W.; "Disappearance rate of ethanol from the blood of human subjects: implications for forensic toxicology," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1993), 38 (1) : 104-118.

Jones, A. W.; Helander, A.; "Disclosing recent drinking after alcohol has been cleared from the body," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1996), 20 (2): 141-42.

Jones, A. W.; "DUI defenses" ; In: Steven B. Karch, Ed.; Drug Abuse Handbook, CRC Press, 1998, 1138p. [ Include: drinking after the offense; laced drinks; rising blood alcohol concentrations; pathological states and ethanol pharmacokinetics; drug-alcohol interactions; gastric alcohol dehydrogenase; endogenous ethanol and the autobrewery syndrome; urine samples; blood samples--use of alcohol swabs and disinfectants, trauma and intravenous fluids (sample should be taken above the IV site), blood-water content and hematocrit (serum or plasma and whole blood); breath-alcohol analysis--mouth alcohol and the use of mouthwash preparations; regurgitation and gastro esophageal reflux disease; dentures and denture adhesives; alleged interfering substances in breath; variability in blood/breath alcohol ratio; pulmonary function; breathing pattern and hypo- and hyperthermia.]

Jones, A. W.; Jonsson, K. A.; Kechagias, S.; "Effect of high-fat, high-protein, and high-carbohydrate meals on the pharmokinetics of a small dose of ethanol", BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1997), 44 (6): 521-6. 9 subject on five occasions. Conclusion: Drinking ethanol after eating a meal, regardless of the nutritional composition, decreases the systematic availability of ethanol. Because gastric emptying is slow and more prolonged with food in the stomach, the delivery of ethanol to the duodenum and the liver will be highly variable as will the hepatic clearance of ethanol. Provided that portal venous BAC remains fairly low and ethanol metabolizing enzymes are not fully saturated then part of the dose of ethanol can be cleared by hepatic first-pass metabolism (FPM), as one consequence of Michaels-Menton elimination kinetics.

Jones, A. W.; "Enforcement of drink-driving laws by use of 'per se' legal alcohol limits: blood and/or breath concentrations as evidence of impairment," ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING (1988), 4 (2): 99-112. (In Sweden, Finland, and Norway, the statutory BAC limit for driving is 0.5 mg/g and per se legislation is well established.)

Jones, A. W.; " Ethanol distribution ratios between urine and capillary blood in controlled experiments and in apprehended drinking drivers," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1992), 37 (1): 21-34.

Jones, A. W.; Jonsson, K. A.; "Food-induced lowering of blood-ethanol profiles and increased rate of elimination immediately after a meal," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE (1994), 39 (4) : 1084-93.

Jones, A. W.; Wright, B. M.; and Jones, T. P.; "A Historical and experimental study of the breath/blood alcohol ratio," S. Israelstam and S. Lambert, eds., Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Proceedings of the sixth international conference on alcohol, drugs and traffic safety, Toronto, Canada, Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, 1974, p.509-526.

Jones, A. W.; Andersson, L.; "Influence of age, gender and blood-alcohol concentration on the disappearance rate of alcohol from blood in drinking drivers," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1996), 41 (6); 922-6. (BACs (two) of 976 persons in Sweden with a man over all elimination rate of 0.19 + .049 mg/dL/h.)

Jones, A. W.; "Interindividual variation in the disposition and metabolism of ethanol in healthy men," ALCOHOL (1984), 1 (5): 385-91. (Uses Widmark's to calculate BAC of 48 fasted men. 23 subjects peaked at 30 min., 14 at 60 min., 8 at 90 min., and 3 at 120 min. after start of drinking, 0.61 to 1.23 was the range for peak BAC. The elimination rate from blood was lower in those subjects with larger distribution volume. The results show that blood-ethanol parameters calculated according to Widmark's method have low inter subject variability when the dose of ethanol administered and the condition of the test subjects are carefully controlled.)

Jones, A. W.; "Limits of detection and quantities of ethanol in specimens of whole blood from drinking drivers analyzed by headspace gas chromatography," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1991), 36 (5): 1277-79.

Jones, W. A.; "Measuring alcohol in blood and breath for forensic purposes--a historical review," FORENSIC SCIENCE REVIEW (1996), 8 (1), 14-43. Historical overview of blood and breath testing, legislation, and scientists.

Jones, A. W.; Jonsson, K. A.; Neri, A.; "Peak blood-ethanol concentration and the time of its occurrence after rapid drinking on an empty stomach," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1991), 36 (20) : 376-385.

Jones, A. W.; Hahn, R. G.; Stalberg, H. P.; "Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in plasma and whole blood: estimation of total body water by the dilution principle," EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1992), 42 (2), 445-8. (4 old guys.)

Jones, A. W.; "Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in saliva: comparison with blood and breath alcohol profiles, subject feelings of intoxication, and diminished performance," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1993), 39 (9): 1837-1844. (21 men who were given 0,68 g/kg body weight. Near the time of obtaining body fluids (breath, blood, saliva) subjects estimated their feelings of intoxication, [body sway, roving ocular movements (ROM), hand tremor, and positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) were quantitatively recorded. The concentration time profiles of ethanol in the blood, bread and saliva agreed well with in individuals, but large variations occurred between subjects. Standing steadiness and hand steadiness were highest at the time of reaching the peak concentrations of ethanol in the body. PAN was evident in most subjects between 60 and 102 min after the start of drinking, ROM appeared mainly during the postabsortptive phase between 120-420 min. BAC threshold were between 500 and 700 mg/L (50-70 mg/dL) when with diminished performance and recovered to baseline values. Breath alcohol was analyzed at 2100:1. Tests began at 9:00 am on an empty stomach meal was served 5 hours after drinking started. Maximum impairment coincided with the time of reaching the peak concentrations of ethanol. On reaching the postpeak phase, the degree of impairment rapidly diminished.)

Jones, A. W.; Jorfeldt, L.; Hjertbert, H.; Jonsson, K. A.; "Physiological variations in blood ethanol measurements during the post-absorptive state," JOURNAL OF THE FORENSIC SCIENCES SOCIETY (1990), 30 ( 5) : 273-83. (9 volunteers, moderate drinkers, .08 g/kg body weight ethanol in orange juice over 30 minutes. Specimens of arterial plasma and venous whole blood were take at 3-10 minute intervals during the post-peak phase of ethanol metabolism. Time-to-time variations were seen, it was concluded that the study did not support the existence of sporadic fluctuations in the blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) profile but does support the need for careful control of sampling methods.

Jones, A. W.; Neri, A.; "Reinvestigation of Widmark's method for quantitative evaluation of blood-ethanol profiles: influence of alcohol dose and mode of drinking," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1987), 33 (8): 1469.

Jones, A. W.; "Relationship between blood and breath alcohol concentration in a subject absorbing alcohol at the time of testing," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1991), 15 (1): 44-5. (Study of one male subject.)

Jones, A. W.; "Rising blood alcohol defense subject to variation," DWI JOURNAL (1987): 11-12.

Jones, A. W.; "Salting-out effect of sodium fluoride and its influence on the analysis of ethanol by headspace gas chromatography (letter to the editor)," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1994), 18: 292-3.

Jones, A. W.; "Some thoughts and reflections on authorship," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1996), 31 (1): 11-15.

Jones, A, W.; "Status of alcohol absorption among drinking drivers," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1990), May-June 14 (3) : 198-200.

Jones, A. W.; Hylen, L.; Swensson, E.; Helander, A.; "Storage of specimens at 4 degrees C or addition of sodium fluoride (1%) prevents formation of ethanol in urine inoculated with Candida albicans," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1999), 23 (5): 333-6.

Jones, A. W.; "Top ten defense challenges among drinking drivers in Sweden." MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND THE LAW (1991), 31 (3): 229-238. In order of occurrence the top defense challenges are: (1) drinking after the offense--the hip-flask defense; (2) laced drinks; (3) inhalation of ethanol vapors from the work environment; (4) pathological condition or trauma; (5) use of skin antiseptics containing ethanol; (6) alleged mix-up of blood specimen; (7) post-sampling formation of alcohols; (8) drug-alcohol interactions; (9) consumption of elixirs or health tonics containing alcohol; and (10) infusion of blood or other liquids during surgical emergency.

Jones, A. W.; Andersson, Lars; "Variability of the blood/breath alcohol ratio in drinking drivers," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1996), 41 (6): 916-921.

Jones, A. W.; "Widmark's equation: determining amounts of alcohol consumed from blood alcohol concentration," DWI JOURNAL (1986), p. 8-11.

Jones, B. M.; "Cognitive performance measured on the ascending and descending limb of the blood alcohol curve," PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL (1972), 23: 99-1972. (Breath alcohol and 40 medical students and elimination rate was positively related to cognitive performance.)

Josephs, R. A.; Steele, C. M.; "The Two faces of alcohol myopia: attention mediation of psychological stress," JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (1990), 99 (2): 115-126. (This study further implicated the role of attention in anxiety reduction by demonstrating a relationship between changes in anxiety and response latency to a secondary monitoring task. Finally, in both experiments, intoxicated subjects who did not perform any activity showed an showed an increase in anxiety. From these data, we argue that alcohol affects psychological stress, to an important degree, through its ability, in conjunction with ongoing activity, to affect the amount of attention paid to stressful thoughts.)

Kalant, H.; "Absorption, diffusion, distribution and elimination of ethanol: effects on biological membranes," The Biology of Alcoholism: volume 1: Biochemistry, Kissin, B. and Begleiter, H., eds., Plenum Press, 1971, p.5-9.

Kalant, H.; Khanna, J. M.; "Environmental-neurochemical interactions in ethanol tolerance," In: Sandler, Merton, (ed.), Psychopharmacology of Alcohol, Raven Press, New York, NY, 1980, 107-120.

Kalant, H.; Reed, T. E.; "Limitations of the Widmark calculation: a reply to Feldstein's critique," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1978), 39 (5): 933-936. (Widmark's and obesity.)

Kalant, H.; "Sensorimotor and physiological effects of various alcoholic beverages," ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, Sixth International Conference, Toronto, 1974. (16 males average age 15.0 years, 74.4 kg average weight, light meal, and BAC (whole). "The importance of the present finding can be expressed in both medical and social policy contexts. In a medical sense, it is worth pointing out that the undesired and other consequences of CNS impairment, are most unlikely to be significantly influenced by the choice of alcoholic beverage, but heavily dependent on the amount and rate of ethanol consumption.")

Kampov-Polevoy Alexey B.; Eick, C.; Boland, G.; Khalitov, El; Crews, F. T.; "Sweet liking, novelty seeking, and gender predict alcoholic status." ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (9): 1291-1298. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that a hedonistic response to sweet taste is associated with a genetic risk for alcoholism. Alcoholic status may be predicted by a combination of sweet liking, the TPQ novelty-seeking score, and gender in a mixed group of alcoholic, Polysubstance-dependent, and psychiatric patients.

Kaye, S.: " The Collection and handling of the blood alcohol specimen," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (1980), 74: 743-746. [Dated, see Dubowski article on same subject.]

Kechagias, S.; Jonsson, K.; Jones, A. W.; ""Breath tests for alcohol in gatroesophageal reflux disease (letter to the editor)," ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (1999), 130 (4, part 1), 328-9. ("the blood-alcohol concentration always exceeded the breath-alcohol concentration. This can be explained by an arterial-venous difference in ethanol concentrations, mainly seen during the absorption phase. Although several participants has symptoms of gastric reflux during these experiments, no widely aberrant breath-alcohol readings were observed compared with the concentrations in venous blood. We conclude that the probability of a breath-alcohol test being invalidated because of alcohol refluxing from the stomach into the mouth in patients with GERD is very small."

Kechagias, S.; Jonsson, K. A.; Norlander, B.; Carlsson, B.; Jones, A. W; " Low-dose aspirin decreases blood alcohol concentrations by delaying gastric emptying," EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 91999), 53 (3/4):241-246. (After aspirin, lower in seven subjects, unchanged in two, and increased in one.)

Kechagias, S.; Jonsson, K.; Franzen, T.; Andersson, L.; Jones, A. W., "Reliability of breath-alcohol analysis in individuals with gatroesophageal reflux disease," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1999), 44 (4): 814-818. During the absorption phase of alcohol, which occurred during the first 90 minutes after the start of drinking, BrAC (mg/210L) tended t be the same or higher than venous BAC (mg/dL). In the post-peak phase, the BAC always exceeded BrAC. Four of the 10 subjects definitely experienced gastric reflux during the study although this did not result in widely deviant BrAC readings compared with BAC when sampling occurred at 5-min intervals. We conclude that the risk of alcohol erupting from the stomach into the mouth owing to gastric reflux, and falsely increasing the result of an evidential breath-alcohol test is highly improbable.)

Kerr, William C.; Brown, Stephan, Greenfield, Thomas K., "National and state estimates of the mean ethanol content of beer sold in the US and their impact on per capital consumption estimates: 1988-2001", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (10):1524-1532. The national mean ethanol content of beer was higher than the 4.5% figure typically used, ranging from 4.58% in 1993 to 4.75% in 1996. For example, in 2000, the national estimate indicates that nearly 10 more drinks (containing 0.6 oz of ethanol) were consumed per person aged 14 years and older during that year. Conclusions: This may indicate that a larger than previously estimated share of the alcohol consumed in the US is in the form of beer. However, the results also indicate that empirically based estimates of wind and spirits mean that ethanol content may modify their consumption rates as well.

Kerr, William, C.; Greenfield, Thomas K.; Tujague, Jennifer; Brown, Stephan E.; "A drink is a drink? Variation in the amount of alcohol contained in beer, wine and spirits drinks in a US methodological sample", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005 (11): 2015-2021. Empirically based estimates of the mean alcohol content of beer, wine and spirits drinks from a national sample of US drinkers are not currently available. 310 drinkers from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey were re-contacted to participate in a telephone survey with specific questions about they drinks they consume. Subjects were instructed to prepare their usual drink of each beverage at home and to measure each alcoholic beverage and other ingredients with a provided beaker. Information on the brand of type of each beverage was used to specify the percentage of alcohol. The weighted mean alcohol content of respondents" drinks was 0.67 ounces overall, 0.56 ounces for beer, 0.66 ounces for wine and 0.89 ounces for spirits. Spirits and wine drink contents were particularly variable with many high-alcohol drinks observed. While the 0.6-ounce of alcohol drink standard appears to be a reasonable single standard, it cannot capture the substantial variation evident in this sample and it underestimates average wine and spirits ethanol content. Direct measures would improve the precision of survey alcohol assessment.

King, Andrea C.; Houle, Tim; de Witt, Harriet; Holdstock, Louis, Schuster, Alyson; "Biphasic alcohol response differs in heavy versus light drinkers," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2002): 26 (6): 827-835. 34 subjects participated in the study consisting of three early-evening testing sessions in which subjects consumed a beverage containing either 0.8 or 0.4 g/kg ethanol or placebo. The results indicate that young adult binge drinkers show a biphasic alcohol response, with heightened sensitivity to stimulant-like alcohol effects and greater tolerance to sedative alcohol effects compared with their light-drinking counterparts.

"The study demonstrated that those drinkers who experience 'euphoria and stimulation' from their first drink are more likely to drink excessively, while those who experience a 'sedative' effect will drink lightly. Within 15 minutes of their first drink--when blood-alcohol level had just begun to rise--the heavy drinking group demonstrated a rapid increase in feelings of euphoria, vigor talkativeness and excitement. The light drinking group did not sow any such changes in stimulation. Over 55 percent of the heavy drinking group said they liked the feeling they had shortly after beginning to drink-- and said they wanted to drink more. Only 30 percent of the light drinkers felt the same way. "Most people in college who binge think they[re doing it at that time, and that they'll grow out of it and it's not a big deal, King said. But certainly there's a percentage that goes on to be alcohol dependent."

Khanna, Jatinder M.; LeBlanc, A. Eugene; Mayer, Joel A.; "Alcohol pharmacokinetics and forensic issues: a commentary", In: K. E. Crow, R. D. Batt (Eds.); Human metabolism of alcohol, volume I: Pharmacokinetics, medicolegal aspects and general interest; CRC Press (1989), 214p. (59-70).

Kluger, Jeffery, "How to manage teen drinking (the smart way), TIME (June 18, 2001), p. 42-44. (Colleges are reducing abuse by telling kids their peers are not as reckless as they think. Kids who drink before age 15 face a fivefold risk of alcohol dependency.)

Koelega, H. S.; "Alcohol and vigilance performance: a review," PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1995), 118: 233-249. [The capacity to divide and sustain attentions is already impaired at BAC levels of 0.02-0.03% (Moskowitz and Robinson, 1987). Further, alcohol effects appear to some extent to be time-dependent, and are greatest during periods of sleepiness (the early afternoon and after midnight). There is sufficient evidence from the literature indicating that the BAC standard for driving should be lowered to 0.02% for driving after midnight and for special risk groups (young and less experienced drivers).

Koelega, H. S.; " Effects of caffeine, nicotine and alcohol in vigilance performance," In: J. Snel and M. M. Lorist, Eds.; Nicotine, caffeine and social drinking: behavior and brain function, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Harwood, 1998, 473p. (pp. 363-373). (There are considerable individual differences in the metabolism of alcohol, in time to achieve the peak BAC [usually 30-90 min] and in the rate of elimination. Usually, BAC and performance are non-concordant, that is peak BAC and peak impairment of performance often take place at different points of time. Effects of alcohol on vigilance performance were reviewed by Keolega (1995)). Of 38 alcohol-placebo comparisons, an effect of alcohol on level of performance was noted in 50% of the cases, which increased to about 70% when small-sized samples (n<15)were eliminated.)

Kolstad, J. L.; "Alcohol, drugs and transportation", ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING (1992): 177-84. (Alcohol and transportation industry.)

Koob, G. F.; Bloom,. F. E.; "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence," SCIENCE (1992), 242 (4879): 715-723. (A neurobiological basis fro drug dependence is proposed from the linkage between the cellular and behavioral effects of these drugs.)

Koop, Dennis R.; Alcohol's metabolism's damaging effects on the cell", ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (2006) 29(4): 274-80. "Alcohol metabolism's various processes create harmful compounds that contribute to cell and tissue damage. In particular, the enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays a role in creating a harmful condition known as oxidative stress. This condition is related to oxygen's ability to accept electrons and the subsequent highly reactive and harmful byproducts created by these chemical reactions. CYP2E1's use of oxygen in alcohol metabolism generates reactive oxygen species, ultimately leading to oxidative stress and tissue damage."

Kowalksi, Kathiann M.; "Debunking myths about alcohol," CURRENT HEALTH 2, (April/May/2001), 27 (8): 6-11. Focus is on the truth about alcoholism in the United States. Effects of alcohol on normal brain functions; Inability of heavy drinkers to measure impact of alcohol on the body; Health risks associated with occasional binge drinking; Interference of alcohol on social relationships. Includes insets 'Waazup' with alcohol and Advertising?: can you spot the myths? Over $1 billion is spent on alcohol advertising.

Kraus, Courtney L.; Salazar, Natasha C.; Mitchell, Jamie R.; Florin Whitney D.; Guenther, Bob; Brady, David; Swartzwelder, Scott H.; White, Aaron M.; "Inconsistencies between actual and estimated blood alcohol concentrations in a field study of college students: do students really know how much they drink?" ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (9): 1672-1676. (Breathalyzer readings for 152 college students) Estimated BAC levels were significantly higher,not lower, than breath BAC measures. The accuracy of estimated BACs decreased as the number of drinks and amount of time spent drinking increased. Being male and drinking only beer predicted greater accuracy of estimated BACs. Conclusions: Although laboratory data suggest that students underestimate how much they drink, the hypothesis was not supported by data collected in the field. It appears that students might actually overestimate rather than underestimate their levels of consumption when surveyed in the midst of a night of drinking. The findings corroborate observations made by other researchers and suggest that the findings of laboratory studies on college drinking do not necessarily extend to real-world situations.

Kricka, L. J.; Clark. P. M. S.; Biochemistry of Alcohol and Alcoholism, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1979, p.36. (Candida albicans in a gastrojejunostomy on one Japanese man.)

Krull, K. R., Smith L. T.; Sinha, R.; Parsons, O. A.; "Simple reaction time event-related potentials: effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1993), 17 (4): 771-777. (54 males, breath alcohol, two groups .05 and .08, and sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation slowed initial stimulus detection, whereas alcohol slowed later processing and response activation.)  

Kuo, Meichun, Wechsler, Henry, Greenberg, Patty, Lee, Hang; "The marketing of alcohol to college students: the role of low prices and special promotions," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE (2003), 25 (5): 204-211. Heavy episodic or binge drinking has been recognized as a major problem on American college campuses affecting the health, safety, and education of students. This study examines the alcohol environment surrounding college campuses and assesses the impact on students' drinking. This environment includes alcohol promotions, price specials, and advertising at drinking establishments that serve beer for on-premise consumption as well as retail outlets that sell beer for off-premise consumption.

Alcohol specials, promotions, and advertisements were prevalent in the alcohol outlets around college campuses. Almost three quarters of on-premise establishments offered specials on weekends, and almost one half of the on-campus establishments and more than 60% of off-premise establishments provided at least one type of beer promotion. The availability of large volumes of alcohol (24- and 30- can cases of beer, kegs, party balls), low sale prices, and frequent promotions and advertisements at both on- and off-premise establishments were associated with highest binge drinking rates on the college campuses. In addition, an overall measure of on-and off-premise establishments was positively associated with the total number of drinks consumed.

The regulation of marketing practices such as sale prices, promotions, and advertisements may be important strategies to reduce drinking and its accompanying problems.

Kuperman, Samuel; Chan, Grace; Kramer, John R.; Bierut, Laura; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Fox, Louis, Hesselbrock, Victor; Numberger, John I., Jr.; Reich, Theodore; Reich, Wendy; Schuckit, Marc A.; "Relationship of age of first drink to child behavioral problems and family psychology," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (10): 1869-1876. 440 children aged 7 t0 17 were studied Five variables initially contributed to the prediction of AFD (Age of First Drink). These included gender, age at interview, the number of adult sibs with alcohol dependence, being held back a year in school, and conduct scale score. However, the number of conduct symptoms appeared to contain the contributions of gender and being held back a grade in school, and these two variables were subsequently removed from the model. The remaining three variables explained 45% of the model variance; age at interview accounted for 38.3%, conduct scale score accounted for 6.2%, and the number of alcohol-dependent adult subs accounted for 0.5%. No family history measures of alcohol dependence or antisocial personality disorder were contributory to the prediction model for AFD. Conclusions: Both the "number of conduct symptoms" and the "number of adult sibs with alcohol dependence" are inversely associated with predicted AFD. The latter variable appears marginally predictive of AFD and suggests a condition in which the child's household, regardless of strength of family history of AD (or antisocial personality disorder), appears conducive to early drinking. Thus, child and environmental factors are stronger predictors of age of first drink than family history.

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