Gabe, A.; "Toxicology and safety issues in alcohol reconstruction experiments," JOURNAL OF THE FORENSIC SCIENCES SOCIETY (1994), 34 (4); 268.

Gabrielli, W. F.; Nagoshi, C. T.; Rhea, S. A.; Wilson, J. R.; "Anticipated and subjective sensitivities to alcohol," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1991), 52: 205-214. (387 participants of CARTA, breath alcohol, people with little drinking experience may overestimate how intoxicated they will be, that heavier drinkers may develop chronic tolerance to the intoxicating effects and that denial may play a role in both subjective and anticipated sensitivity.)

Garriott, J. C.; "Pharmacology of ethyl alcohol," In: Garriott, J., ed.; Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol Determination in Biological Specimens, Littleton, MA, PSG Publishing Company, Inc., c1988, 36-54. (Colors, vision, light, and impairment, etc., pyloric sphincter.)

Garriott, James C., ed.; Medicolegal aspects of alcohol, 3rd ed. Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Inc., c1996, 526p.

Garriott, J.; "Forensic aspects of ethyl alcohol," CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE (1983), 3 (2): 385-396. (Widmark and retrograde calculations.)

Gauthier, Theresa W.; Drews-Botsch, Carolyn, Falek, Arthur; Coles, Claire; Brown, Lou Ann S., "Maternal alcohol abuse and neonatal infection", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (6):1035-1043. 872 newborns were analyzed with 51 or 5.8% having newborn infections. Infants whose mothers reported alcohol use, excessive drinking or smoking in pregnancy were more likely to have a newborn diagnosed with an infection than were mothers who reported abstaining from alcohol or cigarettes.

Gengo, R. M.: Gagos, C.; Straley, C.; Manning, C.; "Pharmacodynamics of ethanol: effects of performance and judgment," JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1990), 30 (8): 748-754. (20 subjects' self rated degrees of impairment of various est. BAC (breath) were influenced by whether alcohol concentrations were rising or falling. Subjective impairment ratings were greater while alcohol concentrations were increasing compared to the same Est. BAC occurring during falling alcohol concentrations. Disparities between self rated degree of impairment and decrements in test performance were greatest 1.0 hour after peak Est. BAC and maximum decrements in test performance. The delay in subjects' ability to accurately rate their impairment relative to peak Est. BAC may be contributing factor to motorists choosing to drive while their performance is still impaired. "There was no difference in response to ethanol that could be demonstrated comparing performance during rising with performance during declining Est. BAC." P. 752. "Our data support the present assumptions by the medicolegal community that equal impairment of psychomotor function occurs regardless of increasing or decreasing ethanol concentration," p. 754.)

Giancola, P. R.; Zeichner, A.; "Alcohol related aggression in males and females: effects of blood alcohol concentration, subjective intoxication," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1995), 19 (1): 130-4. (breath alcohol)

Giancola, Peter R.; "Alcohol-related aggression in men and women: the influence of dispositional aggressively", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2002) 63: 696-708. "Of all variables, provocation was the strongest elicitor of aggressions. Over all, persons with high dispositional aggressively exhibited more aggression than did those with low dispositional aggressively. Alcohol increased aggression for persons with high, but not for those with low, dispositional aggressively. Men and women with low dispositional aggressively did not differ in aggression. Men with high dispositional aggressively, were more aggressive than their female counterparts. This is the first investigation to examine the influence of dispositional aggressively on the alcohol-aggression relation in men and women. The results highlight the fact that alcohol consumption does not increase aggression in all persons and in all situations."

Giannelli, P. C.; " Evidentiary and procedural rules governing expert testimony," JOURNAL OF THE FORENSIC SCIENCES (1989), 34 (4): 730-748.

Giguire, W.; "Impairment caused by moderate blood alcohol levels in a closed course: preliminary demonstration," In: Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1985,: 529-543. (Driving impairment and breath alcohol.)

Goldberg, L.; "Effects and after-effects of alcohol, tranquilizers and fatigue on ocular phenomena," In: 3rd International Conference on Alcohol and Road Traffic, B.M.A. House, Tavistock, England, 1963, p123-35.

Goldberg, I., "Summary of discussion," ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY Vol. II,Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1981, 427. (860-876). (Part of the discussion centers around the blood-breath ratio and knowledge that the ratio under reports breath alcohol as defined as 1:2100.)

Goldstein, D. B.;"Pharmacokinetics of alcohol," In: Mendelson, J. H.; Mello, N. K. (eds.); Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, pp25-54.

Gonzales, R. A.; Jaworski, J. N.; "Alcohol and glutamate." ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1997), 21 (2): 120-127. (Neurotransmitter review.)

Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics, eighth edition, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1990.

Graham, Kathryn; Osgood, D. Wayne; Wells, Samantha; Stockwell, Tim; "To what extent is intoxication associated with aggression in bars? A multilevel analysis", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67: 382-390. Both level of intoxication of the crowd during the visit as well as men level of intoxication at the bar level significantly predicted frequency of aggression. There was a positive association between level of intoxication and severity of aggression at both the incident and person level except for the highest level of intoxication at the personal level, where severity of aggression was less than for moderate intoxication. A person-incident level interaction between intoxication and severity of aggression was also found.

Grant, B. F.; "The Relationship between ethanol and DSM-III-R alcohol dependence: results of a national survey," JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE (1993), 5: 257-267. (Male gender, early onset of drinking, and drinking 5+ drinks on any one occasion during the past year were all associated with and increased risk of dependence on alcohol. Factors associated with decreased risk of dependence were: age, being currently married, total body water, and income.)

Greenfield, Thomas K.; Rogers, John D.;"Who drinks most of the alcohol in the U. S. The policy implications," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1999), 60 (1): 78-89. " Number of respondents 7,049, 4,784 drinkers. Men were over represented at the highest volumes, contributing about 78% of the country's total reported consumption. Similarly, young adults aged 18 to 29 are disproportionately represented in the heaviest drinking levels. Conclusions: the bulk of the alcohol reported drinkers in the U. S. is consumed by a relatively small population of very heavy drinkers. Prevention policies implied by this concentration include strengthening social norms, discouraging heavy consumption, restricting marketing practices that target heavy drinkers, and implementing measure to reduce consumption by the heavies drinkers."

Grossman, David C.; Mueller, Beth A.; Kenaston, Tricia; Salzberg, Philip; Cooper, William; Jurkovich, Gregory J.; "The validity of police assessment of driver intoxication in motor vehicle crashes leading to hospitalization", ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION (1996), 28 (4): 435-442. A total of 1336 subjects had both a recorded BAC and a police sobriety assessment. Seventy percent of subjects were male and 79% under the age of 35 years. Overall, 40% of all subjects were judged by police to have been impaired, based on the scene sobriety assessment. Among all drivers, the field assessment had a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 90% and a predictive value positive of 85%. After excluding the 419 drivers which as breath testing as part of their assessment, the field assessment had a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 97%. The sensitivity of the field assessment did not vary appreciably by gender but was lower among older drivers, and higher among severely injured drivers and those involved in weekend and nighttime crashes. Police officers in this sample appear to recognize drunk driving with a high degree of accuracy when investigating crashes in which the driver is transported to a trauma center.

Gubala, W., Zuba, D., Pickoszewski, W.; "Variability of BAC/BrAC and SAC/BrAC ratios during absorption and elimination of alcohol", Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, Montreal, Canada, August 4-9, 2002. Volume 3, pp 8031244. This is paper was not PEER REVIEWED.

Gullberg, R. G.; "An application of probability theory to a group of breath-alcohol and blood-alcohol," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1990), 35 (6): 1342-1352. (Converting breath alcohol to BAC.)

Gullberg, R. G.; "Considering measurement variability when performing retrograde extrapolation of breath alcohol results," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1994), 18 (2): 126-7.

Gullberg, R. G.; "Employing simulated date to illustrate an important cause of the 'steepling' effect in breath alcohol analysis," MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW (1994), 34 (4): 321-3. (The review illustrates the experimental design contributing most to the steeping phenomenon encountered in breath alcohol analyses.)

Gullberg, R. G.; Jones A. W.; "Guidelines for estimating the amount of alcohol consumed from a single measurement of blood alcohol concentration: Reevaluation of Widmark's equation," FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (1994), 69 (2) :119-130.

Gullberg, R. G.; "Reproducibility of within-subject breath alcohol analysis," MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW (1998), 38 (2): 157-62.

Gullberg, R. G.; "Statistical evaluation and reporting of blood alcohol/breath ration distribution data," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1994), 15 (6): 343-44.

Gullberg, R. G.; "Variation in blood alcohol concentration following the last drink," JOURNAL OF POLICE SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION (1982), 10 (3) :289-296.

Gunzerath, Lorraine; Faden, Vivian; Zakhari, Samir; Warren, Kenneth; "National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Report on moderate drinking", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (6): 829-847. In support of the 2005 update of the U. S. Department of Agriculture/U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Dietary Guidelines, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism was asked to assess the strength of the evidence related to health risks and potential benefits of moderate alcohol consumption with particular focus on the areas of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, obesity, birth defects, breast feeding, and aging. The findings were reviewed by external researchers with extensive research backgrounds on the consequences and benefits of alcohol consumption. This report now serves as the National Institute of Health;s formal position paper on the health risks and potential benefits of moderate alcohol use.

Guram, M; Howden, C. W.; Holt, S.; "Further evidence for an interaction between alcohol and certain H sub2- receptor antagonists," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1991), 15 (6): 1084-5. (Cimetidine and ranitidine, etc. which increase BAC.)

Gustafson, R.; Kallman, H.; "Alcohol and the compensation hypothesis: a test with cognitive and psychomotor tasks," PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS (1990), 71 1371367-73. (27 men, 27 women, don't know if it was BAC or breath alcohol testing began 15 min after ingestion, don't know when peak was, either.)

Gustafson, R.; "Alcohol and vigilance performance: effect of small does of alcohol on simple auditory reaction time," PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS (1986), 63: 99-1-2. (6 men, low sample and breath alcohol.)

Gustafson, R.; "Alcohol and vigilance performance: effect of small does of alcohol on simple visual reaction time," PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS (1986), 62: 951-955. (Six subjects.)

Gustafson, R.; Kallman, H.; "The Blood alcohol curve as a function of time and type of beverage: methodological considerations," DRUGS AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE (1988), 21: 243-246. (Breath alcohol.)

Haber, P. S.; Gentry, R. T.; Mak, K. M.; Mirminan-Yazdy, A. A.; Greenstein, R. J.; Lieber, C. S.; "Metabolism of alcohol by human gastric cells: relation to first-pass metabolism," GASTROENTEROLOGY (1996), 111: 863-870. (Gastric cells are cultured and shown to metabolize sufficient alcohol to account for the bulk of first-pass metabolism.)

Haggard, H. W.; Greenberg, L. A.; Lolli, G.; "The Absorption of alcohol with special reference to its influence on the concentration of alcohol appearing in the blood," QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1943??), 684-726. (Absorption and food, 6 hrs.)

Hahn, R. G.; Jones, A. W.; Norberg, A.; "Abnormal blood-ethanol profile associated with cress," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1992), 38 (6): 1193-94. (1 woman and stress.)

Hahn, R. G.; Norberg, A.; Jones, A. W.; ""Overshoot' of ethanol in the blood after drinking on an empty stomach, " ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1997), 32 (4): 501-5. (6 females.)

Haight, F. W.; "Current problems in drinking-driving: research and intervention," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), Suppl 10: 13-18.

Harder, T.; Reker, U.; "Influence of low dose alcohol on fixation suppression," ACTA OTOLARYNGOLOGIA (1995), Suppl., 520: 33-36. (40 male and female subjects given 0.5 g alcohol per kg body weight with a median BAC of 65 mg/100 ml and fixations measured at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 min. This method shows increasingly the enormous effects of low doses of alcohol on equilibrium. It is concluded that at BAC of more than 50 mg/100 ml a remaining vestibular nystagmus might e observed when driving a bend.)

Harger, R. N.; Hulpieu, H. R.; Lamb, E. B.; "The Speed with with various parts of the body reach equilibrium in the storage of ethyl alcohol," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (Date) vol. : 689-705. (Absorption 6 hrs by oral ingestion 46 emergency room patients and dogs.)

Haubenreisser, T.; Vogel-Sprott, M. D.; "Tolerance development in humans with task practice on different limbs of the blood alcohol cure," PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1983), 81: 350-353. (Breath/BAC?, 25 males. The evidence was considered to support the hypothesis that a compensatory response, which is strengthened by practice, underlies acute recovery and tolerance.)

Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G.; "Genetic differences in psychomotor performance decrement after alcohol: a multivariate analysis," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1992), 53: 262-71. (Food and Breath.)

Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G.; "Intoxication after an acute dose of alcohol: an assessment of its association with alcohol consumption patterns by using twin data," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1991), 15 (1): 122-128.

Hedlund, J. H.; "If they didn't drink, would they crash anyway?--The role of alcohol in traffic Crashes," ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND DRIVING (1994), 10 (2): 115-125. (Crash data shows that many crash-involved drivers have alcohol in their blood. In the US in 1992, an estimated 29% of drivers in fatal crashes had some measurable alcohol. Extensive research shows that alcohol impairs driving-related tasks such as divided attention, comprehension, reaction time, and coordination. In addition, several studies show directly that drivers with alcohol in their blood have a greater crash risk than drivers at similar times and places without alcohol. This evidence has been sufficient for most jurisdictions throughout the world to make it illegal to drive with a blood alcohol content (BAC) exceeding some specified level (typically ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 Each of the three methods gives clear evidence that alcohol increases crash risk. The first finds that crash risk increases rapidly as BACs rise above 0.05-0.07, for drivers of all drinking frequencies. The second finds that crash responsibility increases as BAC increases for crash-involved drivers. And the third finds measures to reduce drinking and driving that have in fact reduced all crashes. These strongly suggest that reduced drinking and driving does indeed reduce crashes.)

Heishman, S.; Singleton, E. G.; Crouch, D. J.; "Laboratory validation study of drug evaluation and classification program: ethanol, cocaine, and marijuana," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1996), 20: 468-483. (18 volunteers on 9 occasions were tested for ethanol, marijuana, cocaine, or placebo. The ability of the DEC (Drug Evaluation and Classification) evaluation to predict the intake of ethanol, cocaine, or marijuana was optimal when using 17-28 variables from the evaluation in 44% of the instances later confirmed by blood serum tests.)

*Hernandez-Collados, A.; Sanchez-Turet, M.; Sanchez-Sastre, J.; "Different cognitive effects in the increasing and decreasing limb of the metabolic curve of ethanol," MEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (1998), 26: 173-175. (20 men and 19 women, single dose of ethanol 1 g/kg, Breath alcohol, mean BAC of 0.24 g/l, subjects performance decreased significantly during absorption. This impairment was related to perceptual motor and visual memory processes. In the elimination phase, at a mean BAC or 0.47 g/l, there was no decrease in performance. We may conclude that behavior was different in the ascending and descending phases. Very low alcohol doses, much lower than that legally permitted for drivers in various countries, produce a marked impairment over a period of time after ingestion of alcohol.)

*Hernandez-Collados, A.; Rodamilans, M.; Sanchez-Turet, M.; "Influence of acetaldehyde on cognitive performance shortly after ingesting ethanol," MEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (1997), 25: 593-96. (20 males, 19 females, breath alcohol , C 1 g kg-1 of alcohol and perceptive-motor and cognitive impairment tests were deteriorated.)

Hewitt, G. P.; Holder, M.; Laird, J.; "Retrograde enhancement of human kinesthetic memory by alcohol: consolidation or protection against interference?" NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY (1996), 65: 269-277. (The findings described here add support for the enhancing effect on performance of low doses of alcohol drunk after learning after the first test, but not the second. Findings were inconclusive.)

Hill, J. C.; Toffolon, G.; "Effect of alcohol on sensory and sensorimotor visual functions," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1990), 51 (2): 108-113. (The literature on the effect of alcohol on sensory and sensorimotor visual functions is extensive. The findings are often contradictory and early studies did not correlate the effects with blood alcohol levels. This study was designed to test the effects of alcohol on various visual functions using equipment that is freely available to the clinician. A significant loss of visual field, accommodation and convergence that correlated with increasing blood alcohol levels was found. Visual acuity, color vision and stereoacuity were not significantly altered by alcohol.)

Hiltunen, A. J.; "Acute alcohol tolerance in cognitive and psychomotor performance: influence of the alcohol dose and prior alcohol experience," ALCOHOL (1997), 14 (2): 125-130. (Breath and 10 subjects.)

Hiltunen, Arto J.; "Acute alcohol tolerance in social drinkers: change in subjective effects dependent on the alcohol dose and prior alcohol experience," ALCOHOL (1997), 14 (4) :373-378.

Hindmarch, I.; Bhatti, J. Z.; Starmer, G. A.; Mascord, D. J.; Kerr, J. S.; Sherwood, N.: "The Effects of alcohol on the cognitive function of males and females and on skills relating to car driving," HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1992), 7: 105-114. (9 males and 9 females, four doses of alcohol at 1 g per kg body weight or a placebo, Breath. Subjects were tested on two batteries of psychological tests related to skills involved in driving. The results showed a linear increase in the disruption of performance with dose for many of the tests, particularly those involving psychomotor function. It was demonstrated that on certain tasks males were affected ore by alcohol and females. In conclusion, moderate doses of alcohol , resulting in BACs of 0.05 to 0.08 g/100 ml, can produce significant deficits in perceptual and motor skills related to driving a vehicle.)

Hindmarch, I; "Psychomotor function and psychoactive drugs," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1980), 10: 189-209. (The major assumption of the psychopharmacologist is that the effects of a drug can be ultimately judged in behavioral terms. It is obvious that the mode and level of activity of the brain and central nervous system will be dependent upon personality, motivation and memory and it is necessary to examine the extent of the effect of these factors on the measurement of performance and to see how such influences might be controlled and minimized. More credibility can be given to results which fit the findings of other researchers and complement the corpus of knowledge relating to a particular drug but adverse effects do not necessarily mean a drug is of no clinical value. Nicholson (1976) summarizes the difficulties in interpreting data from performance studies but also indicates the relevance of performance studies both to psychopharmacology and to clinical practice.)

Hinds, Michael De Copurcy, ALCOHOL: CONTROLLING THE TOXIC SPILL, National Issues Forums Institute and Public Agenda, Dayton, Ohio, 1998 : 29.

Hingson, Ralph W.; Heeren, Timothy; Winter, Michael R.; "Age of drinking onset and alcohol dependence : age at onset, duration, and severity," ARCHIVES IN PEDIATRIC & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE (2006): 160, 739-746. (43, 093 adults surveyed) Relative to respondents who began drinking at 21 years or older, those who began drinking before age 14 years were more likely to experience alcohol dependence ever and within 10 years of first drinking (adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. They also more often experiences past-year dependence and multiple dependence episodes. Among alcohol-dependent persons, the odds were 2.62 (95%) for having at least 1 episode exceeding 1 year and 2.98 (95%) for meeting 6 or 7 dependence diagnostic criteria. Conclusion: There is a need to screen and counsel adolescents about alcohol use and to implement policies and programs that delay alcohol consumption.

*Hingson, Ralph.; "Prevention of alcohol-impaired driving," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1993), 17 (1): 28-34.

Hingson R ; Heeren T ; Levenson S ; Jamanka A ; Voas R,; "Age of drinking onset, driving after drinking, and involvement in alcohol related motor-vehicle crashes," ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION (2002), 34 (1): 85-92. This study assessed whether persons who begin drinking at younger ages are more likely to report drunk driving and alcohol-related crash involvement over the life course, even after controlling analytically for diagnosis of alcohol dependence, years of drinking alcohol, and other personal characteristics associated with the age respondents started drinking. A national survey asked 42,862 respondents the age that they started drinking, whether they drove after drinking too much, and whether they were in motor-vehicle crashes because of their drinking. This analysis focused on 27,081 (65%), who reported ever drinking in their lifetime. The earlier the age respondents started drinking, the more likely they were to report driving after drinking too much and being in a motor-vehicle crash because of their drinking even after adjusting for current/ever diagnosis of alcohol dependence, number of years respondents had been drinking, and other characteristics and behaviors associated with the age respondents started drinking. Particularly, among persons who were never alcohol-dependent, those who began drinking in each age group under 21, relative to those starting at age 21 or older, were more likely to report "ever" and "in the past year" being in a crash after drinking too much. The traffic safety benefits of delaying drinking may extend well beyond the legal drinking age of 21.

Hingson, Ralph; Heeren, Timothy; Zakocs, Ronda; "Age of drinking onset and involvement in physical fights after drinking", PEDIATRICS (2001), 108 (4): 872-877. "Results. Relative to respondents who did not begin drinking until age 21 or older, those who started drinking before age 17 were 2.9 to 4.1 time more likely ever in their lives, and at least 3 time more likely in the past year, to have been in a fight after drinking. These relationships were found even after controlling for personal history of alcohol dependence, years of drinking, frequency of heavy drinking, smoking, drug use, and other personal characteristics associated with the are respondents started drinking. Conclusions. An early age of drinking onset was associated with alcohol-related violence not only among persons under age 21 but among adults as well. Physicians need to query adolescent patients about the age they began drinking and counsel them about the increased risks associated with early drinking onset, such as an increased risk of being involved in alcohol-related violence.

Hingson, Ralph; Heeren, Tim; Levenson, Suzette; Jamanka, Amber; Voas, Robert; " Age of drinking onset, driving after drinking, and involvement in alcohol related motor-vehicle crashes", ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION (2002), 34 (1): 85-92. A national survey asked 42,862 respondents the age that they started drinking, whether they drove after drinking too much, and whether they were in motor-vehicle crashes because of their drinking. This analysis focused on 27,081 (65%), who reported ever drinking in their lifetime. The earlier the age respondents started drinking, the more likely they were to report driving after drinking too much and being in a motor-vehicle crash because of their drinking even after adjusting for current/ever diagnosis of alcohol dependence, number of years respondents had been drinking, and other characteristics and behaviors associated with the age respondents started drinking. Particularly, among person who were never alcohol-dependent, those who began drinking in each age group under 21, relative to those starting at age 21 or older, were more likely to report "ever" and "in the past year" being in a crash after drinking too much. The traffic safety benefits of delaying drinking may extend well beyond the legal drinking age of 21.

Hingson, R. W.; Zakocs, R. C.; Heeren, T.; Winter, M. R.; Rosenbloom; D.; DeJong. W.; "Effects on alcohol related fatal crashes of a community based initiative to increase substance abuse treatment and reduce alcohol availability". INJURY PREVENTION (2005), 11:84-90. Five of 14 communities awarded Fighting Back grants by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to reduce substance abuse and related problems attempted to reduce availability of alcohol and expand substance abuse treatment programs (FBAT communities). Program implementation began on 1 January, 1992. Relative to their comparison communities, the five FBAT communities experiences significant declines of 22% in alcohol related fatal crashes at 0.01% BAC or higher, 20% at 0.08% or higher, and 17% at 0.15% or higher relative to fatal crashes not involving alcohol. Community interventions to reduce alcohol availability and increase substance abuse treatment can reduce alcohol related fatal traffic crashes.

Hingson, Ralph; Heeren, Timothy; Winter, Michael; "Effects of recent 0.08% legal blood alcohol limits on fatal crash involvement", INJURY PREVENTION (2000), 6: 109-114. "States adopting 0.08% laws experience a 6% greater post-law decline in the proportion of drivers in fatal crashes with blood alcohol levels at 0.10% or higher and a 5% greater decline in the proportion of fatal crashes that were alcohol related at 0.10% or higher. If all states adopted the 0.08% legal blood alcohol level 400-500 fewer traffic fatalities would occur annually."

Hingson, R.; McGovern, T.; Howland, J.; Heeren, T.; Winter, M.; Zakocs, R.; "Reducing alcohol-impaired driving in Massachusetts: the saving lives program", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, (1996), 86 (6): 791-797.

Hlastala, M. P.; "The alcohol breath test--a review," JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (1998), 84 (2): 401-408. (The alcohol breath test is evaluated for variability in response to changes in physiological parameters. The ABT was originally developed in the 1950's, at a time when understanding of pulmonary physiology was limited. Physiological studies now show that alcohol is exchanged entirely within the conducting airways via diffusion from the bronchial circulation. Recognition that alcohol exchanges in the airways, rather than the alveoli, open up the ABT for a new wave of research to improve the accuracy of Breath alcohol measurements. Dubowski and Jones have said for years it under reports the true BAC by up to + 20% as.)

Hoaken, P. N. S.; Assaad, J.; Pihl, R. O.; "Cognitive functioning and the inhibition of alcohol-induced aggression," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1998), 59: 599-607. (Intoxication and rewards.)

Hodgson, B. T.; Dubowski, K. M.; "Convention for breath alcohol units", JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1995),19 (2):131. (abstract)

Holford, N. H. G.; "Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethanol," CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS (1987), 13: 273-292. (Compromised data, mixes BAC and breath alcohol and includes Dubowski material.)

Holford, N. H. G.; "Complete PK/PD models--an alcoholic experience,"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, THERAPY AND TOXICOLOGY (1997), 35 (10) 465-8. (This data is based on a study done in 1988 which was never peer reviewed or published, but presented to a conference, American Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Annual Meeting, Sand Diego, CA 1988. This data doe not state conditions, numbers of subjects, breath alcohol/BAC, fasted or fed, time of day, and on rugby players--all males?)

Hollien, H.; "The expert witness: ethic and responsibilities," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1990), 35 (6): 1414-23.

Hollingworth, William; Ebel, Beth E; McCarty, Carolyn A.; Garrison, Michelle M.; Christakis, Dimitria A.; Rivara, Frederick P.; "Prevention of deaths from harmful drinking in the United States: the potential effects of tax increases and advertising bans on young drinkers<" JOURNAL OF STUDIES IN ALCOHOL (2006), 67:300-308. Interventions to prevent harmful drinking by youth can result in reductions in adult mortality. Among interventions shown to be successful in reducing youthful drinking prevalence, advertising bans and tax increased were the most effective interventions identified. A tax-based 17% increase in the price of alcohol of $1 per six pack of beer could reduce deaths from harmful drinking by 1,490, equivalent to 31,130 discounted years of potential life save or 3.3% of current alcohol-attributed mortality. A complete ban on alcohol advertising would reduce deaths from harmful drinking by 7,609 and result in an a 16.4% decrease in alcohol-related life-years lost.

Holmgren, Per; Holmgren, Anita, Ahlner, Johan; "Alcohol and drugs in fatally injured traffic accidents in Sweden during the years 2000-2002", FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (2005), 151 (1): 11-17. "Alcohol is the single drug that is most frequently found in fatally injured drivers with a yearly frequency of about 20%. An increasing number of cases with illicit drugs were found during the studied years and also an increasing number of cases with multiple drug intake, a trend that corresponds to the situation in Australia. In order to follow this trend it is important for forensic toxicologists to perform a complete screening for both pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs and not only focus on alcohol.

Holt, S.; Stewart, M. J.; Adam, R. D.; Heading, R. C.; "Alcohol absorption, gastric emptying and a breath analyzer," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1980), 9: 205-208. (9 males were tested comparing breath alcohol and BAC with gastric emptying. The present results demonstrate directly that the rate of alcohol absorption correlated with the rate of gastric emptying and therefore supports the suggestion that the absorption kinetics of alcohol might be used as in indicator of gastric emptying rate in man. Low sample.)

Holubowycz, O. T.; McLean, J.; "Demographic characteristics, drinking patterns and drink-driving behavior of injured male drivers and motorcycle riders," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1995), 56: 513-521. (Survey of injured male drunk drivers in Australia.)

Hommer, Daniel W.; Momenan, Reza; Kaiser, Erica; Rawlings, Robert R.; "Evidence of a gender-related effect of alcoholism on brain volumes", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY (2001),158 : 198-204. (Alcoholic women had significantly smaller volumes of gray and white matter as well as greater volumes of sulcal and ventricular CSF than nonalcoholic women. The differences in gray and white matter volumes between alcoholic and nonalcoholic men were significant, but the significance of these differences was of a smaller magnitude than the significance of the difference between alcoholic and nonalcoholic women. Direct comparisons of alcoholic men and women showed that the proportion of intracranial contents occupied by gray matter was smaller in alcoholic women than in alcoholic men. the magnitudes of differences in brain volumes adjusted for intracranial size between alcoholic women and nonalcoholic women were greater than the magnitudes of the adjusted differences between alcoholic men and nonalcoholic men. Conclusion: These results are consistent with greater sensitivity to alcohol neurotoxicity among women.)

Homann, N., Seitz, H. K.; Wang, X. D.; Yokoyama, a.; Singletary, K. W.; Ishii, H.; " Mechanisms in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005) 29 (7): 1317-1320. This review represents an overview on some aspects of pathogenic mechanisms in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis and is based on presentations held on the symposium "Mechanisms in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis: at the 2004 ISBRA Meeting in Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany. The presentations were (1) Genetic polymorphism of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, mean corpuscular volume and cancer risk of the upper aerodigestive tract in Japanese by Yokoyama; (2) Retinoids, alcohol and carcinogenesis by Wang; (3) Bacterial ethanol metabolism and cancer by Homann; (4) The role of ethanol metabolism in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis by Seitz; (5) Alcohol and breast cancer: potential mechanisms by Singletary.

Horowitz, M.; Maddox, A.; Bochner, M; Wishart, J.; Bratasuik, R.; Collins, P.; Shearman, D.; "Relationship between gastric emptying of solid and caloric liquid meals and alcohol absorption," JOURNAL OF AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGY (1989), 257: G291-98. (Our observation that the rate of alcohol absorption was highest when the alcohol was consumed alone and lower when it was consumed with or after the solid meal is consistent with previous reports. Despite considerable interindividual variation in blood alcohol concentrations [which indicate the limitations of back calculation of blood alcohol concentrations] there was a close relationship between alcohol absorption and the rate of emptying.)

Howard, L. B; " Plenary session: part I--the forensic scientist in civil litigation," JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES (1986), 31 (10; 337-341.

Hume, D. H., Fitzgerald, E. F.; "Chemical tests for intoxication. What do the numbers really mean?" ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 57 (8): 876-86. (Two lawyers argue the demerits of Widmarks and alcohol elimination, this is based on breath alcohol, not blood.)

Hunt, W.; "Behavioral effects of alcohol ingestion: implication for drug testing," TOXIC SUBSTANCES JOURNAL (1994) 13: 41-49.

Hunt, W. A.: "Neuroscience research: How has it contributed to our understating of alcohol abuse? A review," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1993), 17 (5): 1055-1065. (A review of advances in understating alcohol and the brain. The research shows that alcohol exerts actions on volatage-gated ion channels in the brain, especially on calcium channels and may move the calcium to the neurons and cause cell death because of excessive amounts of calcium thus causing brain damage.)

Huntley, M. S.; " Effects of alcohol and fixation-task difficulty on choice reaction time to extra foveal stimulation," QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF STUDIES OF ALCOHOL (1973), 34: 89-103. (9 male subjects and breath alcohol which increases reaction time, low sample.)  

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