Earleywine, M.; "Confirming the factor structure of the anticipated biphasic alcohol effects scale," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENT RESEARCH (1994), 18 (4), 861-66. (Planned behavior.)

Easdon, C. M.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Drug free behavioral history affects social drinkers' tolerance to a challenge dose of alcohol," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1996), 57 (6): 591-7. (The results of the present research showed that a history of drug-free training under environmentally induced impairment reduced the impairing effect of a challenge dose of alcohol. Performance under alcohol represents a different condition, and much research shows that informative feedback during drugged performance is a powerful factor that enhances tolerance to alcohol-induced impairment, (Vogel-Sprott, 1992). The findings are consistent with the hypothesis of acquired behavioral compensation for impairment, and show that drug-free training under conditions that impair performance many enhance tolerance to alcohol-induced impairment.)

"Economic perspectives in alcoholism research," ALCOHOL ALERT (January, 2001), 51. (Economic analysis is used to estimate the costs of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Based on 1992 data, researchers estimate 45 % of costs was borne by alcohol abusers and their families, 20% by the Federal Government, 18% by State and local government, 10 % by private insurance companies, and 6% by the victims of alcohol-related crashes. Higher taxes on alcoholic beverages have been linked to lower traffic fatality rates.) Address: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa51.htm

Edwards, G.; "Ethics in alcohol research and publishing," ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM (1996), 31 (1): 7-9.

Edwards, Ellen P,. Eiden, Rina D., Leonard, Kenneth E.; "Impact of father's alcoholism and associated risk factors on parent-infant attachment stability from 12 to 18 months", INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL (2004), 25 (6), 556-579. This study examined short-term attachment stability and sought to identify predictors of stability and change within a sample characterized by fathers' alcoholism. The results suggested moderate stability of attachment (60% for mothers, 53% for fathers) from 12 to 18 months of ages. Higher paternal and maternal alcohol symptoms, maternal depression, and maternal antisocial behavior were found in families with stable insecure mother-infant attachment compared to those who were stable secure. Mother-infant stable insecurity was associated with higher levels of maternal negative affect expressing during play. Father-infant stable insecurity was associated with lower levels of paternal positive affect expression and decreased sensitivity during play. Stable insecure children also had higher levels of negative affect during parent-infant interactions and higher negative emotionality during other episodes compared to stable secure children. Results indicate that infants who are insecure at both time points had the highest constellation of family risk characteristics.

Ellickson, Phyllis L.; Tucker, Joan; Klein, David J.; "Ten year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking", PEDIATRICS (2003), 111 (5), 949-955. (longitudinal self reported data) Results: Early drinkers and experimenters were more likely than nondrinkers to report academic problems, substance use, and delinquent behavior in both middle school and high school. By young adulthood, early alcohol use was associated with employment problems, other substance abuse, and criminal and violent behavior. Conclusions: Early drinkers do not necessarily mature out of problematic lifestyle as young adults, Interventions for these high-risk youth should start early and address their other public health problems, particularly their tendency to smoke and use other illicit drugs.

Elliott, Michael R.; Shope, Jean T.; Raghunathan, Trivellore el; Waller, Patricia F.; "Gender differences among young drivers in the association between high-risk driving and substance use/environmental influences", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2006), 67: 252-260. (N=3,607, 51% male, 12th graders) The association between high-risk driving and substance us/environmental influences were generally stronger among women than among men. When matched by substance-use profiles, women had fewer risky-driving incidents than men. Conclusion: Young women who exhibit high-risk driving behavior deviate more from the general population of young women with respect to alcohol use, alcohol misuse, and marijuana use than high-risk driving young men differ from other young men.

Emsley, John, "Through a chemists eyes: a dispassionate look at alcohol," CONSUMERS' RESEARCH (July, 1995): 19-24. "When we suddenly increase the amount , by drinking a lot of it, we experience some rather unusual effects--elation, to begin with, but deflation a few hours later. Were alcohol to be discovered today its sale to the public would never be permitted because of its potential lethal side-effects. Despite these dietary components, an alcoholic drink is not regarded as a food, a medicine, or a tonic, although in earlier times alcohol was diverted as all of these. Today we treat it mainly as a relaxant. Our body treats it as a poison.

Erblich, J.; Earleywine, M.; "Distraction does not impair memory during intoxication: support for the attention-allocation model," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1995), 56: 444-448. (40 men in a study designed to test the model using measures of memory and attention during ethanol intoxication. 20 subjects completed memory tests in the presence of a background distracter and 20 without distracter in two sessions, once while intoxicated. Results support the Joseph and Steele attention-allocation model (subjects focused their limited attention on the memory test.) Findings are discussed in broad terms of an individual's cognitive capabilities when intoxicated and in terms of risk for later alcoholism.)

Endres, H. G. E.; Gruner, O.; " Comparison of D2O and ethanol dilutions in total body water measurements In humans," CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS (1994), 72: 830-837.

"Facts about alcohol", Television Corporation of Singapore (1995). ("Recommendations: The legal limit for BAC when operating a motor vehicle should be lowered to 0.050/0. It has been demonstrated in this paper that impairment of vision, motor skills, and cognitive functions occurs at BACs well below the current legal limit of 0.08%, the scientific consensus is that levels of physical impairment significant to the driving task begin at 0.05%. In addition, epidemiologic evidence examined in the document shows that risk of accident begins to increase significantly at or about the 0.05% BAC level.")

Faden, Vivian B,; Fay, Michael P.; "Trends in drinking among Americans age 18 and younger: 1975-2002", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (9): 1388-1395. Although changes over time in the prevalence of drinking by youths under 18 have been previously reported, we present results based on data from multiple surveys, using recently developed software for trend analyses. In this study, we applied joinpoint statistical methodology to three national data sets to analyze trends in drinking by youth aged 18 and under, for the period 1975-2002. Results: Alcohol consumption by 8th, 10th, and 12th graders decreased dramatically since the 1970s according to joinpoint trend analyses. It remains disturbingly high, however, according to data from three national surveys (e.g., 12.4% of 8th and 28.6% of 12th graders drinking five or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks), although prevalence rates have been relatively stable for the last 5 to 10 years. Conclusions: Since the early 1990s, rates of drinking by youth under 18 remained relatively stable according to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey and National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and moved up and then down according to Monitoring the Future, underscoring the need for continued surveillance and enhanced understanding on this long-standing problem.

Fagan, D.; Tiplady, B.; Scott, D. B.; "Effects of ethanol on psychomotor performance," BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (1987), 59: 961-5. Feldstein, A.: "The Metabolism of alcohol: on the validity of the Widmark equations, in obesity, and in racial and ethnic groups," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1978), 39 (5): 926-932. (Food, obese, and non WASP.)

Fals-Stewart, William; "The occurrence of partner physical aggression on days of alcohol consumption: a longitudinal diary study", JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (2003), 71 (1): 41-52. "The likelihood of partner physical aggression on days of male partners' alcohol consumption, during a 15-month period was examined for men entering a domestic violence treatment program (n=137) and domestically violent men entering an alcoholism treatment program (n=135). For men entering the domestic violence treatment program (alcoholism treatment program odds in parentheses), the odds of any male-to-female physical aggression were more then 8 time (111 times) higher on days when men drank than on days of no alcohol consumption. The odds of severe male-to-female physical aggression were more than 11 times (11 times) higher on days of men's drinking than on days of no drinking. These findings support the proximal effect model of alcohol use and partner violence."

Fama, Rosemary; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V.; Perceptual learning in detoxified alcoholic men: contributions from explicit memory, executive function, and age, ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (November, 2004), 28(11):1657-1665. We examined visuoperception and perceptual learning with a picture fragment identification task in 51 recently detoxified nonamnesic alcoholic men (aged 29-66 years) compared with 63 normal control men (aged 21-70 years). Executive function and explicit declarative memory were also assessed. These correlational analyses suggest that controls invoke basic visuospatial processes to perform a perceptual learning task, whereas alcoholics invoke higher-order cognitive processes (i.e., frontal executive systems) to perform the same task at normal levels. Use of more demanding cognitive systems by the alcoholics may be less efficient and more costly to processing capacity than those invoked by controls.

Farrimond, Thomas; "Effects of alcohol on visual constancy values and possible relation to driving performance, " PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS (1990), 70: 291-295. [The effects of visual constancy were studied in 21 men and women aged 21-23 over two days. Subjects were tested with and without food. The results indicate that shape/size constancy may be reduced by alcohol. The author hypothesizes that hazards would then appear 20% further away, and a driver who should apply the break at 50 m(eters) may delay brake application until only 40 m(eters) away. Unknown if BAC or breath alcohol.]

*Fell, J. C.; "Drinking and driving in America,"ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1990), 14 (1): 18-25. (Over 60 percent of nighttime, weekend, and single vehicle crashes involve a driver, pedestrian, or a bicyclist with a positive BAC (BAC > 0.01). Alcohol is involved in approximately 80 percent of fatal crashes that occur between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. on any night of the week.)

Ferrance, R. G.; "Methodologic issues in the study of driver impairment," In" Suchuckit, Marc A., ed, Alcohol Patterns and Problems, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1985, 274p. (p.179-201.) (Review of literature. Author makes no distinction between breath alcohol and BAC levels. Dated materials.)

Ficaretta, J. P.; DRAFT Comments of the center for science in the public interest regarding health claims on alcoholic-beverage containers and in advertising," http://www.cspinet.org/booze/batf_labels5.htm (Health claims for alcoholic beverages are inherently misleading because (1) there are serious risks associated with alcohol consumption, (2) the health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption do no apply universally, (3) there are many groups of people who should abstain from, or minimize their consumption of, alcohol, (4) allowing health claims for alcohol would undermine the government warning label, and (5) explanatory statements are insufficient to clarify a misleading health claim.)

Fillmore, M. T.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Behavioral effects of alcohol in novice and experienced drinkers: alcohol expectancies and impairment," PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1995), 122: 175-181. (This study tested the hypothesis that the relation between an individual's expected and actual impairment under alcohol develops as a function of drinking experience. 14 novice subject and 14 experienced male social drinkers were tested. Experienced drinkers who expected more impairment performed more poorly under alcohol, whereas novice drinkers' expected and actual impairment were not related.)

Fillmore, Mark T.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Behavioral impairment under alcohol: cognitive and pharmacokinetic factors," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1998) 22 (7): 1476-1482.

Fillmore, M. T.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Expectancies about alcohol-induced impairment predict individual differences in responses to alcohol and placebo," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1995), 56 (1): 90-8. (Social drinkers (N=81) motor skills tests to evaluate their performance after drinking (breath). Subjects who expected greater impairment displayed poorer performance under alcohol (low dose) and under placebo. This evidence calls attention to the importance of expectancies as a factor they may contribute to the understanding of individual differences in behavior under alcohol and a placebo.)

Fillmore, M. T.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Resistance to cognitive impairment under alcohol: the role of environmental consequences," EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1997) 5 (3): 251-5. (breath alcohol, 40 male social drinkers in groups of ten and practice of rate of information processing. The processing rates for M (money) and N (no consequence) were slower with alcohol and those of group C (without alcohol or consequence. Group MI (money or information) displayed no significant reduction in processing rate under alcohol. Resistance to the impairing effects of alcohol on information processing is enhanced by a rewarding consequence that conveys information about the adequacy of performance under the drug.)

**Finnigan, F.; Hammersley, R.; "The Effects of alcohol on performance," In: Smith, A. P.; Jones, D. M., eds; Handbook of Human Performance, New York, NY, Academic Press, c1992, p.73-126. [The authors explain methodological problems: measurement of baseline performance; use between subject- designs; use sufficient numbers of subjects (authors believe there should be more than 15 subjects); insure that subjects cannot tell when they are consuming alcohol; include placebo alcohol conditions in the design; and measure achieved blood or breath alcohol level; measure performance and BAL over time; show some agreement abut which measure of psychomotor performance are fundamental for alcohol research; more statistical sophistication should be employed in interpreting results; some study of the relevance to everyday live--"we need to know the extent to which people can and do control their dose and hence their impairment."]

Fisher, Honey R.; Simpson, Robert I.; Bhushan, M. Kapur; "Calculation of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by sex, weight, number of drinks and time," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (1987), 78, September/October : 300-304.

Forney, R. B.; Hughes, F., W.; Harger, R. N.; Richards, A. B.; "Alcohol distribution in the vascular system: concentration of orally administered alcohol in blood from various points in the vascular system, and in rebreathed air, during absorption," QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1964), 25: 205-17. (8 young men.)

Forrest, A. R. W.; "Commentary: Estimation of Widmark's factor," JOURNAL OF THE FORENSIC SCIENCES SOCIETY (1986), 26 (4): 249-252.) The author gives a case for using Watson's TBW formula with Widmark's r to calculate a BAC.)

Foschi, D.; Marazzi, M. Toto, G. L.; Radaelli,E.; Ferrante, F.; Viani, G.; Galeone, M.; Trabucci, E.; "Prostaglandin-stimulated recovery of the human duodenal epitheliums: effects of misoprostol on ethanol damage," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (1990), 85 (11): 1498-1990. (7 males, 3 females, and ethanol in the duodenal mucosa 107 cm form the pyloric sphincter and prostaglandins to protect the duodenal epithelium after acute damage. Small study group.)

**Foster, K. R.; Huber, P. W.; Judging Science: scientific knowledge and the federal courts, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, c1997.

Foster, Susan, et al.; "Alcohol consumption and expenditures for underage drinking and adult excessive drinking", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2003), 289 (8):989-995.
The proportion of 12-20-year-olds who drink was estimated to be 50.0% using data from the YRBS; the proportion of adults aged 21 or older who drink was estimated to be 52.8% using data from the BRFSS. The estimated total number of drinks consumed per month was 4.21 billion; underage drinkers consumed 19.7% of this total. The amount of adult drinking that was excessive (>2 drinks per day) was 30.4% Consumer expenditure on alcohol in the United States in 1999 was $116.2 billion; of that $22.5 billion was attributed to underage drinking and $34 billion was attributed to adult excessive drinking. The data suggest that underage drinkers and adult excessive drinkers are responsible for 50.1% of alcohol consumption and 48.9% of consumer expenditure.

Foster, Susan El; Vaughan, Roger D.; Foster, William H.; Califano, Joseph A.; "Estimate of the commercial value of underage drinking and adult abusive and dependent drinking to the alcohol industry", ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS AND ADOLESCENT MEDICINE (May, 2006). Underage drinkers and adult pathological drinkers (those that meed the clinical DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse or addiction) consume between 37.5 percent and 48.8 percent of the value of all alcohol in the United States. $22.5 billion in consumer spending on alcohol came from underage drinking and $25.8 billion came from adult pathological drinking. Other findings include: Alcohol abuse and addiction cost the nation an estimated $220 billion in 2006 - more than cancer ($196 billion and obesity ($133 billion). Each day more than 13,000 children and teens take tier first drink. The 25.9 percent of underage drinkers who are alcoholics and alcohol abusers consume 47.3 percent of alcohol drunk by underage drinkers. The 9.6 percent of adult pathological drinkers consume 25 percent of alcohol drunk by adult drinkers. Children and teens that begin drinking before age 15 are four time likelier to become alcohol dependent that those who do no drink before age 21.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/160/5/473

Frajola, W. J.; "Blood alcohol testing in the clinical laboratory: problems and suggested remedies," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1993), 39 (3): 377-79.

Frankel, M. S.; "Ethics and the forensic sciences: professional autonomy in the criminal justice system," JOURNAL OF THE FORENSIC SCIENCES 91989), 34 (3): 763-771.

Franken, Ingmar H. A.; Nijs, Ilse M. T.; Muris, Peter, Van Strien, Jan W.; "Alcohol selectively reduces brain activity during the affective processing of negative information", ALCOHOLISM CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2007), 31 (6): 919-927. Event-related brain potentials (ERP) resulting from watching pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures were investigated in a group of participants receiving a beverage containing a moderate dose of alcohol (n=26) and a group of participants receiving a nonalcoholic placebo beverage (n=24). Both early [early posterior negativity (EPN)] and late [late positive potential (LPP)] ERP components were employed as index of emotional processing. The results show that alcohol reduced brain activity during watching unpleasant information in a late stage (700-1000 ms). This suggests that alcohol selectively influences the processing of unpleasant information. The findings are in concordance with theories linking alcohol administration to decreased processing of affective information. The results are discussed in the context of the role of the effect of alcohol on affective information processing, and its relevance to alcoholism.

Fraser, A. G.; Rosalki, S. B.; Gamble, G. D.; Pounder, R. E.; "Inter-individual and intra-individual variability of ethanol concentration-time profiles: comparison of ethanol ingestion before and after an evening meal," BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (1995), 40 (4) : 387-92. (24 males given ethanol before and after a meal and the author uses article by O'Neill and Dubowski to support arguments. Flawed data.)

Freisthler, Bridget; Gruenewald, Paul J.; Treno, Andrew J.; Lee, Juliet; "Evaluating alcohol access and the alcohol environment in neighborhood areas", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2003), 27(3):477-484, March 2003. "Background: This paper examines neighborhood, outlet, and server characteristics related to successful purchases of alcohol by intoxicated patrons and underage drinkers at alcohol establishments. It is hypothesized that outlets in commercial areas near to other premises, with poor exterior maintenance, much advertising, and inexperienced youthful servers will be more likely to sell alcohol to intoxicated and underage patrons.

"Apparent minors purchased alcohol in 39% of attempts (95% CI, 34-45%) while pseudo-intoxicated patrons were served alcohol in 58% of attempts (95% CI, 50-67%). Sales to apparent minors were significantly related to percentage of Hispanic residents and areas with greater population density. Sales to pseudo-intoxicated patrons were more frequent when the server was male and appeared to be under the age of 30. These sales were also more frequent in Hispanic neighborhoods with high population density and high numbers of on-premise outlets but were less frequent in African American neighborhoods.

"The findings suggest that underage and intoxicated patron sales differ by areas. Both forms of illegal sales of alcohol are more likely in highly populated areas of communities. The findings also suggest that server characteristics are strongly related to sales to intoxicated patrons, suggesting some leverage for responsible beverage service programs in these environments."

Freivalds, A.; Horil, K.; "An oculomotor test to measure alcohol impairment," PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS (1994), 78 (2): 603-10. (An ocular motor test developed to test for impairment (Viewmaster viewer and a grid, needs more work.)

Friedemann, T. E.; Dubowski, K. M.; "Chemical testing procedures for the determination of ethyl alcohol", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, (1959), 170 (May 2): 47-65+.

Friel, P. N.; Baer, J. S.; Logan, B. K.; "Variability of ethanol absorption and breath concentrations during large-scale alcohol administration study," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1995), 19 (4): 1055-60. (Breath alcohol.)

"From genes to geography: the cutting edge of alcohol research," ALCOHOL ALERT No. 48 (5), July, 2000. Explains alcohol's effect on the brain and brain function, genetics and alcoholism, alcoholism treatment, and geocoding--mapping environmental influences in drinking behavior. Address: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa48.htm

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updated 07/19/10