Dalrymple-Alfrod, John C,; Kerr, P. Anne; Jones, Richard D.; "The effects of alcohol on driving-related sensorimotor performance across four times of day", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (2003) , 64: 93-97. Results: Alcohol markedly impaired tracking accuracy (error from target), especially in nonpreview conditions. The only evidence for an overall time-of-day effects was on a ballistic pursuit nonpreview task, but there was no indication of any alcohol by time-of-day interactions. Conclusions: When tested 30 minutes after consumption of alcohol, sensorimotor tracking skills are markedly impaired at alcohol levels approaching the New Zealand threshold for legal driving, but these effects are not subject to circadian variations. (16 male fasted participants and breath alcohol testing)

Dalton, Madeline A.; Bernhardt, Amy M.; Gibson, Jennifer J.; Sargent, James D,; Beach, Michael L.; Adachi-Mejia, Anna M,; Titus-Ernstoff, Linda T.; Heatherton, Todd F.; "Use of cigarettes and alcohol by preschoolers while role-playing as adults", ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE (2005), 159 (September): 854-859. The data suggest that observation of adult behavior, especially parental behavior, may influence preschool children to view smoking and drinking as appropriate or normative in social situations. These perceptions may relate to behaviors adopted later in life.

Davis, Kelly Cue; Hendershot, Christian S.; George, William H.; Norris, Jeanette; Heiman, Julia R.; "Alcohol's effects on sexual decision making: an integration of alcohol myopia and individual differences", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS (2007), 68 (6): 843-852. Male and female participants (N = 61) rated their perceptions of unprotected sex consequences, received alcoholic (target breath alcohol concentration = .10%) or nonalcoholic drinks, and completed a risky sexual decision-making task that included a quantitative measure of sexual decision-making cue attention. Intoxicated participants were more attentive to impelling cues and reported greater sexual risk intentions than sober participants. Meditational analyses indicated that attention to cues fully mediated the alcohol-sexual risk intention relationship. Moderational analyses revealed that alcohol's focusing effect acts in conjunction with preexisting individual perceptions to influence cue salience directly and sexual risk intentions indirectly. Findings demonstrate the importance of examining predispositional tendencies when investigating alcohol myopia as a mediating mechanism underlying the alcohol-risky sex relationship.

Dawson, D.; Reid, K.; "Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment (letter); NATURE (1997), July 17, 388 (6639): 235.

Dawson, D. W; Grant, BF; Chou, SP; Pickering, RP; "Subgroup variation in U. S. drinking patterns: results of the 1992 national longitudinal alcohol epidemiology study," JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE (1995), 7 (3): 331-44. (Questions on frequencies of consuming 5+ drinks and of consuming nine or more drinks on eight different measures of self reported drinking.)

De Bellis, Michael D.; Narasimhan, Anandhi; Thatcher, Dawn L.; Keshavan, Matcheri S.; Soloff, Paul; Clark, Duncan B., Prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and Cerebellar volumes in adolescents and young adults with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders and comorbid mental disorders, ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (September 2005), 29(9):1590-1600. In adults, prefrontal, thalamic, and cerebellar brain injury is associated with excessive ethanol intake. As these brain structures are actively maturing during adolescence, we hypothesized that subjects with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders, compared with control subjects, would have smaller brain volumes in these areas. We compared prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar measures of adolescents and young adults with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders (AUD, defined as DSM-IV alcohol dependence or abuse) with those of sociodemographically similar control subjects. Subjects with alcohol use disorders had smaller prefrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex white matter volumes compared with control subjects. Right, left, and total thalamic, pons/brainstem, right and left cerebellar hemispheric, total cerebellar, and cerebellar vermis volumes did not differ between groups. There was a significant sex-by-group effect, indicating that males with an adolescent-onset AUD compared with control males had smaller cerebellar volumes, whereas the two female groups did not differ in cerebellar volumes. Prefrontal cortex volume variables significantly correlated with measures of alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that a smaller prefrontal cortex is associated with early-onset drinking in individuals with comorbid mental disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine if a smaller prefrontal cortex represents a vulnerability to, or a consequence of, early-onset drinking.

DeLuca, "Alcohol tolerance and its significance in driving," CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 18: p1-23. (Tolerance to the effects of ethanol was reviewed.)

Detting, A,; Witte, S.; Skopp, G.; Graw, M.; Haffner, M. T.; "A regression model applied to gender-specific ethanol elimination rates from blood and breath measurement in non-alcoholics", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE (2009), 123 (5): 381-5. As elimination rates for alcohol are suggested to gender specific, a novel regression model has been applied to estimate those rates for both men and women using experimentally measured data from 81 female and 96 male volunteers described in previous papers. Breath alcohol measurements were done with the Alcotest 7110 evidential device and were coupled with concomitant sampling of venous blood. Statistical analyses involved use of a mixed linear model for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), respectively. The model takes regression lines for each test subject into account with an individual starting value (2 h after the end of drinking) and with an individual alcohol elimination rate per hour (coincidental effects). Further, the data was modeled so that an average alcohol elimination rate per hour could be estimated separately for both genders (constant effects). This enables us to methodically correctly estimate the back calculation. The elimination rates beta (60), which can be use for minimum and maximum back calculations for the BAC, were 0.115 g/kg/h and 0.260 g/kg/h, respectively, for women and 0.096 g/kg/h and 0.241 g/kg/h, respectively for men these figures widely deviate from gender-unspecific values commonly used in Germany (0.1 and 0.23 g/kg/h, respectively). The corresponding values for the BrAC were 0.061 mg/l/h and 0.124 mg/l/h for women and 0.049 mg/l/h and o.112 mg/l/h for men. The probability of an over-or underestimation of the abovementioned extreme values is 0.3% in each case.

Donato, F. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2002) Feb. 15. Donato and colleagues studied 464 Italian men and women diagnosed with liver cancer and 824 patients with no liver damage. Researchers determined that drinking more than 60 grams of alcohol a day (four or five glasses of wine) increased the risk of developing liver cancer for men and women. Drinking 40 to 60 grams of alcohol daily (three to four glasses of wine) was associated with a moderate risk of liver cancer.

Devgun, M.S.; Dunbar, D. M. J.; Hagart, J.; Ogston, S.; Martin, B. T.; "Biochemical measurements and screening for alcohol in drunk drivers," ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING (1983): 345-349. (Screening for chemical markers of alcoholism.)

Devgun, M.S.; Dunbar, J. A.; "Alcohol consumption, blood alcohol level and the relevance of body weight in experimental design and analysis," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1990), 51 (1): 24-28. (Doses by body weight might be skewed unless correlated with age, etc.)

de Wit, H.; Metz, J.; Wagner, N.; Cooper, M.; "Behavioral and subjective effects of ethanol: relationship to cerebral metabolism using PET," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENT RESEARCH (1990), 14 (3): 482-489. (Low sample, 8 men and breath alcohol and PET.)

Di Chiara, G.; Acquas, E.; Tanda, G.; "Ethanol as a neurochemical surrogate of conventional reinforces: the dopamine-opoid link," ALCOHOL (1996), 13 (1): 13-7. (Various lines of evidence support the view that ethanol is a neurochemical surrogate of conventional reinforces such as food, and sex. In fact, ethanol activates central neuronal systems that utilize dopamine, opoids, and so on.)

Di Maio, V. J. M.; Garriott, J. C.; "How valid is the 0.10 percent alcohol level as an indicator of intoxication?" PATHOLOGIST (1985), March: 33-35. (A number of researchers has shown that consistent impairment of reaction responses occurs at blood alcohol concentrations in excess of 0.07%. When either visual or tracking functions were combined, with more complex situation in which there are simultaneous visual and tracking response, impairment of performance occurred at low alcohol concentrations. This impairment in complex situations is concerned with the interference of the ability of the brain to process large quantities of information from more than one source at a time. Alcohol impairs driving performance because driving requires the division of attention between a visual search and recognition task and tracking test. Significant impairment begins to appear at blood alcohol concentrations of 0.05%. Reduction of the BAC to 0.05% can be justified on a scientific basis.)

DiPadova, C.; Worner, T. M.; Julkunen, R. J. K.; Lieber, C. S.; "Effects of fasting and chronic alcohol consumption on the first-pass metabolism of ethanol," GASTROENTEROLOGY (1987), 92 (5): 1169-73.

Donnelly, M.; Miller, R. J.; "Ingested ethanol and binocular rivalry," INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISUAL SCIENCE (1995), 36 (8): 1548-54. (9 males subjects and breath alcohol. It is suggested that ethanol ingestion and attenuate binocular rivalry and in some cases, may produce normally rivalrous stimuli. It is suggest that this effect is not caused by ethanol-induced changes in ocular mechanism but may be caused by ethanol-induced decreases in contrast sensitivity.)

Donovan, D. M.; Marlatt, G. A.; Salzbert, "Drinking behavior, personality factors and high-risk driving: a review and theoretical formulation," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1983), 44 (3): 395-428. (Literature concerned with five broad categories of psychosocial variables contributing to the risk of traffic accidents is reviewed: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) excessive alcohol use, (3) personality traits, (4) acute states of emotional distress and (5) driving-related attitudes. A theoretical cognitive-behavioral models is presented in an attempt to integrate the results concerning the influence of those different factors. Based on dissertations by Donovan for his Ph.D. University of Washington.)

Donovan, D. M.; "Intoxicated and bad drivers," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 46 (5): 375-82. (Questionnaire DWI arrestees reported a higher probability of driving after drinking, more actual days per month driving after drinking, more overall drinking occasions and heavy-drinking occasions per month, and more drinks consumed both per month and per drinking occasion. "in contrast to general driving population, individuals arrested for drunken driving presented themselves in a significantly more positive socially desirable manner.")

Dougherty, Donald M.; Mathias, Charles W.; Tester, Melissa L.; Marsh, Dawn M.; "Age of first drink related to behavioral measures of impulsivity: the immediate and delayed memory tasks", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (3): 408-414. (women) This study examined the relationship between laboratory-measured impulsivity and age of first drink. Using a laboratory behavioral measure of impulsivity (Immediate (IMT) and Delayed Memory Tasks (DMT), we compared two groups of women differing in their self-reported age of first drink (early-onset drinking, age <18 years, n =40; late-onset drinking, age >+21 years , n =23). It was expected that those who first consumed alcohol before the legal drinking age (i.e., early onset) would perform in a more impulsive manner on the laboratory behavioral measure than the late-onset drinkers. Results: The main finding was that the early-onset group had increased commission error rates compared with the late-onset group. Age at first drink was significantly correlated with DMT commission errors, although this was only at the trend level for IMT commission errors, there correlations are likely to be underestimates because of range restriction of the age variable. The results demonstrate that difference in impulsive behavioral responding are distinguishable even between groups of alcohol drinkers who are not experiencing clinically significant problems with alcohol.

"Drinking and driving," ALCOHOL ALERT (1996), 31, PH 362, January. ["The many skills involved in driving are not all impaired at the same BAC's (3). For example, a driver's ability to divide attention between two or more sources of visual information can be impaired by BAC's of 0.02 percent or lower (3-5). However, it is not until BACs of 0.05 percent or more are reached that impairment occurs consistently in eye movements, glare resistance, visual perceptions, reaction time, certain types of steering tasks, information processing, and other aspects of psychomotor performance (3,4,6,7).]

Dubowski, K., "Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol: highway safety aspects", JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), Supplement (10 July): 98-108.

Dubowski, K. and, Essary, Natalie A.; "Alcohol analysis of stored whole-breath samples by automated gas chromatography," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY ( 1982), 6, September/October: 217-221.

Dubowski, K., "Alcohol determination in the clinical laboratory," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (1980) 74: 747-450.

Dubowski, K.; Essary, Natalie A.; "Analysis of alcohol in breath after sorption on molecular sieve," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1980), 26: 1047. (abstract)

Dubowski, K.; "An automated gas chromatographic method for analysis of ethanol in breath", CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1974), 20: 861. (abstract)

Dubowski, K. M., "Biological aspects of breath-alcohol analysis", CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1974), 20 (2): 294-9.

Dubowski, K.; O'Neill, B.; "The Blood/breath ratio of ethanol", CLINICAL CHEMISTRY(1979), 25: 114. (abstract)

Dubowski, K.; "Breath-alcohol analysis after sorption on calcium sulfate: in vitro and in vivo studies", In: Goldberg, L., ed. ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, Stockholm, June, 1980. Vol. II Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1981, p637-47.

Dubowski, K., "Breath analysis as a technique in clinical chemistry", CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1974), 20 (8): 966-72.

Dubowski, K. M.; "Drug-use testing: scientific perspectives," NOVA LAW REVIEW (1987), 11: 415-552.

Dubowski, K. M.; Essary, Natalie A.; "Calcium sulfate sorption for remote sampling in breath-alcohol analysis (abstract)," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1976), 24 (6): 1031.

Dubowski, K.; Essary, Natalie A.; "Evaluation of commercial breath-alcohol simulators : further studies," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1991), 15, (September/October): 272-275.

Dubowski, K. M.; Schaefer, C. F.; Gunn, C. G.; "Excretion of urinary cannabinoids after marihuana (sic) smoking," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1977), 6: 1158-9. (abstract)

Dubowski, K.; Essary, Natalie A.; "Field performance of current generation breath-alcohol simulators," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1992), 16 (September/October):325-327.

Dubowski, K. M.; "Human pharmacokinetics of ethanol," INTERNATIONAL MICROFORM JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE (1975), 10 (4): 1-16.

Dubowski, K.; "Human pharmacokinetics of ethanol. I. Peak blood concentrations and elimination in male and female subjects," ALCOHOL TECHNICAL RETORTS (1976a), 5: 55-63.

Dubowski, K.; "Human pharmacokinetics of ethanol : further studies," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1976b), 22: 1199. (abstract)

Dubowski, K.; "Letters to the Editor : National Safety Council's Committee on Alcohol and Drugs," THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY (1986) 7 (3): 266.

Dubowski, K.; "Letters to the Editor : Duplicate breath-alcohol testing," THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY(1988), 9 (3): 272.

Dubowski, K.; "Method for alcohol determination in biological liquids by sensing with a solid-state detector," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1976) 22 (6), p863-67.

Dubowski, K.; "Quality assurance in breath-alcohol analysis," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1994) 18 (October) p306-311.

Dubowski, K.; "Recent developments in alcohol analysis," ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND DRIVING (1986), 13: 46.

Dubowski, K.; Essary, Natalie A.; "Response of breath-alcohol analyzers to acetone," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1983), 7: 231-34.

Dubowski, K.; Essary, Natalie A.; "Response of breath-alcohol analyzers to acetone : further studies," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1984) 8 (September/October): 205-8.

Dubowski, K. M.; "The role of the scientist in litigation involving drug-use testing," CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (1988) 34 (4): 788-92. (Discusses professional society memberships and educational background.)

Dubowski, K. M.; "Sidney Kaye, Ph.D. internationally renowned forensic toxicologist," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MEDICAL PATHOLOGY (1985) 6 (2): 167-9.

Dubowski, K.; Gadsden, R. H. , Sr.; Poklis, A.; "The stability of ethanol in human whole blood concentrations : an inter-laboratory evaluation," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1997), 21 (6): 486-91. [Whole blood and sodium alzide as a preservative showed no loss of alcohol over a one year period.]

Dubowski, K.; "Studies in breath-alcohol analysis : biological factors," ZIETSCHRIEFT FUR RECHTSMEDIZIN (JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE) (1975) 76: 93-117.

Dubowski, K.; " Studies on pharmacokinetics of ethanol in man", ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE (1975), 5 (4):309. (abstract)

Dubowski, K.; " Technology of breath-alcohol analysis," DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 92-1728. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington, D. C., 1992, 42p.

Dubowski, K. M.; "Vapor-alcohol control tests with compressed ethanol-gas mixtures : scientific bias and actual performance," JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (1996), 20 (6): 484-91.

Dufour, Mary C.,"What is moderate drinking?: defining "drinks" and "drinking levels." ALCOHOL RESEARCH AND HEALTH (1999), 23 (1): 5-14. Definition of a standard drink--the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have developed a commonly used definition of a standard drink that has been published in NUTRITION AND YOUR HEALTH: DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS (DHHS and USDA 1995). According to that definition, a standard drink contains approximately 0.5 fl oz (or approximately 12 g) alcohol and corresponds to the following beverage amounts:12 fl oz regular beer; 5 fl oz wine; 1.5 fl oz 80-proof distilled spirits. Drinking definitions: Abstainer: drinks less than 0.01 fl oz alcohol per day (i.e., fewer than 12 drinks in the past year); Light drinker: drinks .0.001 to 0.21 fl oz alcohol per day (i. e., 1 to 13 drinks per month);Moderate drinker: drinks 0.01 drinks 0.22 to 1.00 fl oz alcohol per day (i.e., 4 to 14 drinks per week); Heavier drinker: drinks more than 1.00 fl oz alcohol per day (i. e., more than 2 drinks per day).

Durazzo, Timothy C.; Gazdzinski, Stefan; Banys, Peter; Meyerhoff, Dieter J.; "Cigarette smoking exacerbates chronic alcohol-induced brain damage: a preliminary metabolite imaging study", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2004), 28 (12):1849-1860. (24 subjects) "These human in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging finding indicate that chronic cigarette smoking exacerbates chronic alcohol-induced neuronal injury and cell membrane damage in the frontal lobes of RAs (recovering alcoholics) and has independent adverse effects on neuronal viability and cell membranes in the mid brain and on cell membranes of the cerebellar vermis. Higher smoking levels are associated with metabolite concentrations in select subcortial structures. Greater consideration of the potential effects of comorbid cigarette smoking on alcohol-induced brain damage and other diseases affecting the central nervous system is warranted." Cigarette smoking, independent of alcohol consumption, was also found to have adverse effects on neuronal viability and cell membranes in the mid brain and on cell membranes of the cerebellar vermis.

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