Baer, John S.; Sampson, Paul D.; Barr, Helen M.; Connor, Paul D.; Streissguth, Ann P.; "A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking." ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY (2003), 60: 377-385. Prenatal alcohol exposure may be a risk factor for the development of alcohol problems in humans. We used data beginning with interviews of women in prenatal care at mid pregnancy to predict alcohol use and alcohol related problems in their offspring now aged 21 years. Maternal drinking during pregnancy was assessed from November 4, 1974, through October 2, 1975, along with measures of maternal smoking, use of caffeine and other drugs, and demographic factors. Family history of alcohol problems was assessed from interviews with parents when offspring were 14 years of age and updated when offspring were 21 years of age. Measures of prenatal use of alcohol and other drugs and many aspects of the family environment were assessed at 7 different ages, prenatally through 21 years. Young adult offspring (age, 21 years [N=4331] provide self-reports of drinking quantity and frequency and completed the Alcohol Dependence Scale as a measure of alcohol-related problems and dependence. Results: Univariate, partial least squares, and regression analyses indicate that prenatal alcohol exposure is significantly associated with alcohol problems at 21 years of age. The relationship persists independent of the effects of family history of alcohol problems, nicotine exposure, other prenatal exposures, and postnatal environmental factors including prenatal use of other drugs. Prenatal nicotine exposure was not associated with alcohol problems by offspring at 21 years of age. The analyses reported herein provide evidence of the relationship, across more than 21 years, between prenatal alcohol exposure and the degree of negative consequences that result from heavy drinking in young adulthood. However, those with persistent alcohol problems in mid-life typically began drinking in adolescence and young adulthood.

Baker, S. J.; Chrzan, G. J.; Park, C. N.; Saunders, J. H.; "Validation of human behavioral tests using ethanol as a CNS depressant model," NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY (1985), 7 (3): 257-261. (31 males 0-1.4 ml vodka, breath alcohol. Repeated measures analysis of variance comparing performance after drinking ethanol to control performance on each of the individual tests indicated a significant decrement in reaction time, tachistoscopic perception and anticipation timing.)

Baker, S. P; Braver, E. R.; Chen, L. H.; Li, G.; Williams, A. F.; "Drinking histories of fatally injured drivers," INJURY PREVENTION (2002), 8:221-226. About 30% of drivers killed in crashes have high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 0.10+g/dl. There is a question about whether these drivers primarily are problem drinkers who chronically drink and drive--the so-called hard core drinking drivers. 818 fatally injured drivers who were included in the 1993 National Fatality Analysis Followback Survey and whose BACs were recorded by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, a census of US traffic deaths. Results: At least one indicator of potential problem drinking, primarily heavy drinking, was reported for 68% of drivers with very high BACs (0.15+ g/dl), 41% with BACs of 0.10-0.14 g/dl, 32# with BACs of 0.01-0.09 g/dl, and 7% with zero BACs. Spouses provided the most credible responses that other relatives; they were more likely to report at least occasional drinking and driving among deceased drivers with high BACs. For the most direct signs of problem drinking described as a problem drinker during the last month or life or frequently driving after having five or more drinks), spousal reports suggested problem drinking among drivers with very high BACs was 22% (having both indicators), 32% (frequently driving after having five or more drinks(, 44% (described as problem drinkers), or 57% (having either indicator). Conclusions: Drivers with BACs of 0.10+ g/dl were far more likely than sober drivers to be described as having markers of problem drinking. However, many did not have indicators suggestive of problem drinking. In addition to programs focused on repeat offenders or problem drinkers, countermeasures such as sobriety checkpoints that target a broader spectrum of drinking drivers are appropriate."

Barinaga, Marcia; "A New clue to how alcohol damages brains," SCIENCE (02/11/2000), 287 (5455): 647-8. Reports on insights revealed by a study of Institute of Medicine on how alcohol may cause brain damage in fetal alcohol syndrome. How alcohol works through the receptors. findings on physiological effects of ethanol and negative effects of alcohol on neurons--not just killing neurons, but causing them to grow incorrectly.

Baselt, R. C.; Danhof, I. E.; "Disposition of alcohol in man," In: In: Garriott, J., ed.; Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol Determination in Biological Specimens, Littleton, MA, PSG Publishing Company, Inc., c1988, 55-73.

Baselt, R. C.; Danhof, I. E.; "Disposition of ethanol in man"; In: J. C. Garriott, ed., MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL DETERMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS : volume 2, PSG Company, Inc., 1988, p. 59.

Baselt, R.C.; "Disposition of ethanol in man"; In: J. C. Garriott, ed., MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL DETERMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS : volume 3, Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Inc., 1996, p. 66.

Batt, R. D.; "Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol"; In: K. E. Crow, R. D. Batt (Eds.); Human metabolism of alcohol, volume I: Pharmacokinetics, medicolegal aspects and general interest; CRC Press (1989), 214p. (3-8).

Baylor, A. M.; Layne, C. S.; Mayfield, R. D.; Osborne, L; Spirduso, W. W.; "Effects of ethanol on human fractionated response times," DRUGS AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE (1989), 23: 31-40. (5 subjects.)

Bederka, John P., "Under-the-influence of alcohol," SAFETY BRIEF (1993), 8 (4).

Begley, Sharon: "How it all starts inside your brain," NEWSWEEK (02/12/2001), 137 (7): 40-42. Focuses on research on the neurological aspects of drug additions. How cocaine, amphetamines, heroine, and alcohol affect the pleasure center of the brain; Action of increasing dopamine, serotonin and the brains own opiod levels which results in fewer dopamine receptors; Inability of addicts to experience pleasure without drugs; Biological aspects of withdrawal and relapse; Genetic aspects of addiction.

Beirness, D.; Vogel-Sprott, M.; "Alcohol tolerance in social drinkers: operant and classical conditioning effects," PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (1984), 84 (3): 393-397. (24 males, breath alcohol and dose 0.84 ml per kg body weight. This evidence for operant and classical conditioning effects in alcohol tolerance was considered to suggest that a consideration of their joint effects may be required to understand the contribution of learning to drug tolerance.)

Benstson, P.; Hultberg, J.; Carlsson, M.; Jones, A. W.; "Monitoring ethanol exposure in a clinical setting by analysis of blood, breath, saliva, and urine," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (1999), 23 (9): 1446-1451. Breath alcohol compared with urine and saliva.

Berger, D.; Snortum, J.; "Alcoholic beverage preferences of drinking-driving violators," JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL (1985), 46: 232-39. (Explores the relationship between the alcoholic beverage and various drinking-driving behaviors and attitudes in a sample of 1000 licensed U. S. drivers interviewed in a national telephone survey. Those who preferred beer typically drank to higher levels of intoxication, were more likely to drive after drinking and tended to consider driving while intoxicated to be less serious.)

Bina, Manuela; Graziano, Frederica; Bonino; Silvia; "Risky driving and lifestyles in adolescence", ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION (200): 38 (3):472-481. 645 Italian adolescents, boys and girls, aged 14-17 with a questionnaire. The main results showed that many adolescents drove cars and motorcycles without the required driving license and the most frequent offenses were speeding and failure to maintain a safe braking distance. Gender and age differences were also investigated. Results concerning the association between risky driving and lifestyle showed that risky driving was not an isolated behavior. Boys who displayed risky driving practices were more likely to adopt a lifestyle characterized by high involvement in antisocial behaviors, tobacco smoking, comfort eating and time spent in non-organized activities with friends. Girls involved in risky driving were more likely to be involved in other risk-taking behaviors, antisocial behaviors and drug use.

Bingham, C Raymond; Shope, Jean T.; Tang, Xianli ; "Drinking behavior from high school to young adulthood: differences by college education", ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29(12):2170-2180. "To better understand patterns of at-risk alcohol use and its association with education, this study compared at-risk alcohol use from 12th grade to young adulthood (age 24) in a sample of never-married young adults. Three groups were formed based on completed education when the survey was administered in young adulthood: high school or less, post secondary education without a four-year college degree, and completed college. Men who completed college experienced the greatest increase in at-risk drinking from grade 12 to young adulthood; however, their at-risk alcohol use did not differ markedly from men in the other education groups in young adulthood. Men who did not complete college had high levels of alcohol risk in 12th grade and maintained or increased those levels in young adulthood, demonstrating a pattern of prolonged risk. Women whose completed education was high school or less experienced the fewest increases in at-risk alcohol use. Education group differences were not explained by place of residence or employment status. Conclusions: These results emphasize the need to intervene early to prevent at-risk alcohol use, and emphasize that at-risk alcohol use is neither unique, nor necessarily the highest among individuals who complete college."

Blank, C.; "Intoxicated drivers: everyone's problem," JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE AND NURSING (1994), 26 (2), 107-10.

"Blood Alcohol Concentration and Driving," ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (1997), 29 (6): 835. (A blood alcohol level of .08 % is per se evidence of driving while impaired and a BAC of .05 % is presumptive evidence of impaired driving.)

Bode, C.; Bode, J. C.; "Alcohol absorption, metabolism and production in the gastrointestinal tract," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1997), 21 (1): 82-3.

**Bode, C.; Bode, J. C.; "Alcohol's role in gastrointestinal tract disorders," ALCOHOL HEALTH AND RESEARCH WORLD (1997), 21 (1): 76-83. (For example, alcohol distinctly impairs esophageal motility, and even a single drinking episode (i.e., acute alcohol consumption) significantly weakens the lower esophageal sphincter. As a result, gastroesophageal reflex may occur, and the esophagus' ability to clear the refluxed gastric acid may be reduced, favoring the occurrence of heartburn.)

Bonte, W.; Kuhnholz, B. pp 189-198, Pharmacokinetics of fusel alcohols, In: Sidney Kaye and Gilbert W. Meyer, eds., ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, San Juan, PR: 13 Nov, 1983, Washington, D. C., USGPO, 1985, 1616p. (Immediately after drinking ends, blood levels of congeners correlate closely with the amount of alcohol consumed. However, in all cases narrow time-dependent correlations were found between drinking amounts and blood levels. This means that one of these parameters can be calculated from knowledge of the other.)

Borrill, J. A.; Rosen, B. K.; Sommerfeld, A. B.; "Influence of alcohol on judgment of facial expressions of emotion," BRITISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY (1987), 60: 71-77. (BAC or breath???)

Study Associates Alcohol Use Patterns With Body Mass Index
The body mass index (BMI) of individuals who drink alcohol may be related to how much, and how often, they drink, according to a new study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health's National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). In an analysis of data collected from more than 37,000 people who had never smoked, researchers found that BMI was associated with the number of drinks individuals consumed on the days they drank. Calculated as an individual's weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, BMI measures whether or not a person is at a healthy weight - low BMI values generally indicate leanness and higher BMI values indicate being overweight.
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/DrinkingPatterns.htm

"In our study, men and women who drank the smallest quantity of alcohol - one drink per drinking day - with the greatest frequency - three to seven days per week - had the lowest BMI's," said first author Rosalind A. Breslow, Ph.D., "while those who infrequently consumed the greatest quantity had the highest BMIs." A report of the study by Dr. Breslow, an epidemiologist in NIAAA's Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research and colleague Barbara A. Smothers, Ph.D., appears in the February 15, 2005, issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology.

Breslow, Rosalind A.; Guenther, Patricia M.; Smothers, Barbara A.; "Alcohol drinking patterns an diet quality: the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2006), 163 (4): 359-366. The authors examined associations between alcohol and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index --HEI scores) using cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 3,729 participants aged 20 or older were studied. In the author's stratified analyses, the lowest HEI score, 58.5% (95%CI: 55.6, 61.5) occurred among drinkers who consumed the highest quantity at the lowest frequency. Average volume of alcohol consumed is driven by and masks the contributions of its components. These results suggest the importance of measuring drinking patterns (quantity, frequency, and stratified combinations) in epidemiologic alcohol-diet studies. Healthier diets were characterized by healthier drinking patterns. Breslow stated she believes it is important that women have not more than 1 drink per day and that men have not more than 2 drinks per day--the alcohol consumption recommendations set forth in the sixth edition of DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS, the federal government's science-based advice to promote health and reduce risk of chronic diseases though nutrition and physical activity.

Brewer, N.; Sandow, B.; "Alcohol effect on driver performance under conditions of divided attention," ERGONOMICS (1980), 23: 185-90. (Data collected during an in-depth study of metropolitan road accidents were examined to determine to what extent the accidents of intoxicated drivers were characterized by the driver's attention, prior to the accident, being directed to some source of information input secondary to the driving task. Theses data indicated that intoxicated drivers were more likely than others to have been engaged in some pre-accident activity that was secondary to the driving task. A number of mechanisms that may underlie apparent interactive effects of alcohol and secondary activity on driving were outlined for future experimental consideration.)

**Brick, John; Carpenter, John A.; "The identification of alcohol intoxication by police," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2001), 25 (6): 850-855. Drinkers were accurately targeted to low (0.08-0.09%), medium (o.11-0.13%), and high (0.15-16%) blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). At lower BACs, most police officers were unable to identify whether or not targets had been drinking. Raters were "pretty sure" that targets in the 0.15-0.16% range had been drinking and "not sure" whether or not they should be served another drink or drive a car. Conclusions: the ability of Raters to reliably identify target drinkers who were too intoxicated to drive safely was not obtained until the BACs were relatively high. The results suggest that prevention measures must focus on improving behavioral observations made of potential drunk drivers.

Brick, John, "Facts on driving while intoxicated", Fact Sheet No. 5 (2), Center for Alcohol Studies, 1996. "Traffic accidents account for more deaths of individuals between age 6 and 33 than any other type of accident. Although many factors contribute to highway accidents including highway and vehicle design, traffic volume, driver characteristics (e.g., experience, personality), and the mechanical function of the motor vehicle, the single most significant predictor of an accident is the driver's state of sobriety. More is known about the relationship between alcohol intoxication and driving than about driving and any other drug. While people of all types and backgrounds drink and drive, the most consistent profile for drivers arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol is that they tend to be men, 20-40 years of age with some history of problem drinking. About twice as many men than women are involved in fatal motor vehicle accidents when the blood alcohol level is greater than .10%. On closed-course driving tests, at BACs of about .06%-.09%, variability in lane position and brake use increased and steering ability decreased. Using a driving simulator approach, it has been found that at BACs approaching .10%, there are increases in braking (up to 45%), and gear changing and steering errors. In some laboratory tests, alcohol produces impairment on complex tests when blood levels are as low as about .02%. Epidemiological data indicate that the risk for an accident begins to increase at blood alcohol levels above .05% so that at .08% the risk of an accident is about 5 times greater than when sober.

Brink, Susan; "Your brain on alcohol," U. S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT (05/0/2001), 130 (18): p50-7. Reports on new research may impact the treatment of alcoholism. Advances made in brain-imaging techniques of alcoholics; developments of drugs such as Naltrexone which may help treat alcoholism; How alcoholism may develop; How alcohol affects the brain; Addictive drugs and the neurotransmitter dopamine and indigenous opiates. Insets: ALCOHOL: How it affects the brain; When begin first isn't best; How to help an alcoholic.

Brookhuis, K. A.; de Waard, D.; "The Use of psychophysiology to assess driver status," ERGONOMICS (1993): 36 (3): 1099-110. [20 subjects completed an on-the-road driving experiment, consisting of two different tests on two separate days. A two-part test was administered with while subjects were under the influence of alcohol (Breath alcohol< = 0.05%); a four-part test was administered without alcohol consisting of 2.5 h driving test under vigilance conditions on a quiet highway. The Changes in relevant physiological parameters, such as ECG and EEG, reflected changes in driver status and predicted driving impairment. Impairment of driving performance was measured in a standard driving test (SD lateral position and SD steering wheel movements) and in recently developed car-following test (reaction to speed changes of a leading car) in the Netherlands.]

Brown, B.; "Alcohol prolongs time course of glare recovery," NATURE (1975) 257: 481-3. (9 male subjects, breath alcohol. The alcohol induced increase in recovery time are dose related. The dose relationship is clearly evident 90 minutes after drinking. Furthermore, it is evident from Fig. 3 that a dose relationship exists for at least 3 h after drinking when the mean BALs are quite low. The results of Raskin et al. raise the interesting possibility that alcohol may be inhibiting the resynthesis of photopigment, an hypothesis that needs to be tested by measuring cone pigment kinetics. The increased recovery time produced by alcohol intoxication must be viewed as critical from a practical point of view. Low sample.)

Brown, Sandra A.; Tapert, Susan F.; Granholm, Eric; Delis, Dean C.; "Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use," ALCOHOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2000), 24 (2): 164-171. (Alcohol dependent adolescents n=33 compared with n=24 adolescents with no history of alcohol dependence, ages 15-16). Alcohol-dependent and comparison adolescents demonstrated significant differences on several NP scores. Protracted alcohol use was associated with poorer performance on verbal and nonverbal retention in the context of intact learning and recognition discriminability. Recent alcohol withdrawal among adolescents was associated with poor visuospatial functioning, whereas lifetime alcohol withdrawal was associated with poorer retrieval of verbal and non verbal information.

Bruno, R.; Iliadis, A.; Botta, A.;Treffot, M. J. Mariotti, B.; Cano, J. P; Jullien, G.; "Non-linear kinetics of ethanol elimination in man: medicolegal applications of the terminal concentration-time data analysis," FORENSIC SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL (1983), 21: 207-213. (Non-linear models inadequate for medicolegal practice.)

Bruno, R.; Iliadis, A.;Botta, A.; Mariotti, B.; Jullien, G.; Cano, J. P; "Pharmacokinetic study of ethanol after oral administration: a new approach to enzymatic elimination," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, THERAPY AND TOXICOLOGY (1983), 71 (7); 363-369. (10 subjects.)

Bullers, Susan; Ennis, Melissa; "Effects of blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) feedback on BAC estimates over time", Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education (2006), Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, posted 07/17/06. 19 participants. Participants were asked to estimate the accuracy of BACs over time with charts, some of whom were light, moderate and heavy drinkers. (Small sample, 15 recruits were paid to volunteer their time. Interesting bibliography of drinking research.

Burden, Matthew J., Jacobson, Sandra W.; Jacobson, Joseph L.; "Relation of prenatal alcohol exposure to cognitive processing speed and efficiency in childhood", ALCOHOLISM : CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (2005), 29 (8): 1473-1483. Prenatal alcohol exposure has been linked to deficits in processing speed in both infancy and later in childhood. This study was designed to examine prenatal alcohol-related deficits in both processing speed and processing efficiency in four domains of cognitive function. (Black children n = 337, age, 7.5 years) Prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with slower processing speed on several of the Sternberg tasks, and the number comparison task showed a specific deficit in processing efficiency. These effects on tasks involving effortful processing contrasted with the lack of performance differences on the more automatic RT measures. The relation of prenatal alcohol exposure to working memory was mediated, in part, by an associated reduction in processing speed. These data confirm reports by other investigators linking prenatal alcohol exposure to slower processing speed and show that this RT deficit is found within the context of complex cognition but not were automatic processing is involved. The reduction in RT accounts in part, for the previously reported alcohol-related effects on working memory. The number comparison slope was the only specific component of information processing affected, confirming previous reports of a distinctive prenatal alcohol effect on number processing.

Burns, M.; Wilkinson, C. J.; "Laboratory study of drug-related performance changes," JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE ( 1990), 32: 320-326. (Alcohol and other drugs. 12 men with alcohol and diazepam, diazepam alone, and alcohol alone. Low sample, breath alcohol/BAC??)

Burns, M.; Moskowitz, H.; "Methods for estimating expected blood alcohol concentration," U. S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D. C.; 1980, 88. (BAC were measured in people by sex, number of drinks, and fasted state.)

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